Interview With A Parent Interview Essay - 1317 Words

Malyvanh Chanthavong Professor Valentine PSY 122-81 05 October 2016 Parent Interview I chose to interview three family members in order to evaluate similarities and differences on experiences on what it’s like to be a parent. I believe that there is no right or wrong way to define what family is, but the definition of family comes with a wide range of beliefs about parenting and what it means to be â€Å"good parents† to their children. Every person is different and when it comes to every parent, they have their own style of parenting due to the environments as well as experiences within their environment. Throughout the interviews, I hope to gain knowledge and to be able to understand what it’s like to be a full time parent. Therefore, I have completed three interviews with three separate members of my family that were all raised by the same parents in the same household so it would be interesting to get an insight of how each individuals perspective as parents are. Furthermore, I will present a summary of questions that I’ve asked, a sum mary of their answers as well as an analysis of their way of parenting with some information that I’ve gathered and compare it to what I’ve learned in class. During the interview, the three participants were all given the same questions that were open-ended in order to allow the participants to direct the conversations towards topics that were more important to them. I definitely found distinctions between each one of their way of parenting. ToShow MoreRelatedParent Interview : Family Interview1077 Words   |  5 Pages Parent Interview During my parent interview many of the parents had a different idea of what was stimulating for their child. All the parents, however, realized the importance of stimulating their child during play especially as an infant. The parent’s children ranged from six months to 5 years old (Derryberry, Boster, Lashae, 2015). This also shows that the parent can have varying opinion based on what their child needs in that particular developmental period. All the parents were extremely concernedRead MoreParent Interview1049 Words   |  5 PagesParent Interview The parent interviewed is middle aged mother of two, which both are in their late twenties. She informed me that prior to having children she thought that she would never experience the joy of motherhood. Mrs. Digat married young at seventeen years of age and longed to have a family of her own. Unfortunately, pregnancy did not come easily. She saw countless doctors and underwent numerous procedures in effort to become a mother. There was nothing she wanted more out of life thatRead MoreParent Observation and Interview2056 Words   |  8 PagesFor the parent observation and interview I had to really think about who to choose because of many reason: such as not wanting to offend someone or a person not being as reliable as others. In the end I decided to observe my mother and sister Tiana. My mother is a third generation immigrant to the united states with only two female children. She had me when she was nineteen years old in Guyana. My sister was born seventeen years later in Englan d to her current husband, making Tiana his fifth childRead MoreInterview With a Parent of a Child with Special Needs1366 Words   |  6 Pagesable to have a bright future. She hopes that one day her daughter will not require extra support and that she will overcome her speech delay. After conducting this interview, it really became clear how difficult it is for a parent to hear that their child might have special needs. In talking with this mother, it became clear how parents might sometimes blame themselves for their child’s difficulty or might not fully understand the process. This can cause embarrassment and fear for them. The adviceRead MoreWhy I Should Interview With My Parents1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhen deciding whom to interview for this paper relating back to the topics learned this semester it was clear I should interview my parents Marla and Mike due to there overwhelming experiences with the topics discussed this semester. Marla is forty-six and used to deliver babies therefor making her a full time working women, and Mike is forty seven and also has a full time job. Both were college educated, and grew up in what was known as the typical American family home. Many things were discussedRead MoreInterview And Reaction Paper : Interviewing Your Parents1345 Words   |  6 PagesSherilyn Queen PSYC 3260 Interview and Reaction Paper: Interviewing Your Parents Throughout one’s life, numerous sources can influence one’s perception of different people, concepts, and cultures. One of the most powerful influences, especially throughout childhood, is the family. As an adolescent, many of the opinions and views they have will be similar to, if not the same as, their parents’ because children are highly impressionable, and their parents have significant control over the informationRead MoreA Hypothetical Interview With Parents of a Child With Special Needs2429 Words   |  10 PagesHypothetical Interview with Parents of a Special Needs Child A Hypothetical Interview with Parents of Special Needs Child Discuss the family background and history briefly--pregnancy, birth, infancy, toddlerhood, preschool with associated milestones. Mother: We tried for several months to get pregnant before we were successful. We both were reluctant to try for a child again because of a traumatic miscarriage I experienced several years prior. We both really wanted to be parents and made a toughRead MoreEssay on Parent Interview of a Special Needs Child1505 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship with her daughter’s speech therapist and really enjoys working with her. She reports to feeling grateful that her daughter has some is able to giver her extra support because she is not always able to do to the demands of being a single parent. The mother reports that she can sometime become frustrated that her child requires extra support because of the different aspects involved which she sometimes has difficulty understanding such IEP reviews. She reports feeling bad sometimes and doesRead MoreThe Challenges And Resiliencies Of Latino Immigrant Parents Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigrant parents. This study will be using a qu alitative research design. This qualitative design will be accomplished through the use of face to face and phone interviews. This current study seeks to answer the following questions: What parental challenges do Latino immigrant parents face? What resiliencies do Latino immigrant parents obtain? What resources/services do Latino immigrant parents feel they need? What parenting skills, styles, and/or knowledge have Latino immigrant parents used andRead MoreEssay On Parents1112 Words   |  5 PagesMethods and analysis Participants/Subjects The proposed study aims to focus on both parents and students views of efforts their parents make and what social activities they are involved in. The participants will be sourced from a local Facebook group ‘Adelaide and South Australia Homeschoolers’, where an invitation will be posted for up to 8 families to choose to be participants in the study. Once families have responded to the post, they will be asked to provide an e-mail address via a private message

Analysis Of The Book The Grapes Of Wrath - 2253 Words

The Grapes of Wrath Introduction The devastating effects of the dust storms mainly in western Oklahoma and the preceding rain failure caused families to flee to California. The banks repossession for their property and homes pushes them further into depression. Unguaranteed about a better future or even about the next meal, the families take their chances. Their arrival into California is however a disappointment as there are no jobs for them. Most ‘okies’ in the Hovervilles end up dead due to starvation as they can’t find work. This highlights the plight of many families that had to struggle in a foreign city for Survival. The unfriendly weather is blamed for the atrocities that befall this community. There are social and economic†¦show more content†¦He realizes that He has a role to lead the people irrespective of their backgrounds against the Californians. The Joad family stands out as an exemplary family. Though they have lost members, they still stick together through all the troubles and continue to show kindness and generosity to every other person in need. The anger that is in the people’s hearts makes them have some sense of self-respect. The social system in California was filled with selfishness. The business people and land owners charged very selfish interests that push most of the people to poverty. This in a twist unites the immigrants. They are forced to look out for each other. The greed of the Californians has a converse effect to the immigrants. There were a lot of social injustices being afflicted to the workers too. In one case, the Joads go to a gas station seeking help but the attendant does not help them because he fears for his job. The corporatist had oppressed the workers so much that they do not even their self-worth. It is the acts of kindness that the Joads show upon the worker that turn things around. There are also some traces of kind people among the Californians like Mae, who at some time offered to sell bread to a ma n at a price that was lower than the recommended one. It is the Motive of this lady that brings out the kind nature of the human race irrespective of their origin. The Respect for the family structure is upheld by the

Quality Improvement Strategies on Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Quality Improvement Strategies on Management. Answer: Introduction The study highlights on the design and production of chosen product Diesel Engines. Engine refers to the kind of machine that converts power into mechanical energy. It is also termed as motor and different engines have different kinds of characteristics in it. It can been seem that heat is produced by heat engine with the help of burning resources. Similarly, electric engine converts electric energy into kinetic motion (Carpenter et al. 2012). In automobile industry, engine plays a vital role in attaining high profitability. However, various types of engines that exists in automobile industry are diesel, heat, petrol engines etc. Basically, the industry focuses on the engines as they are considered as the basic component in manufacturing a product. It has been noted from various researches of this field that engines produced by engineers ha huge significance and hence one of the breakthroughs has been done by Rudolf Diesel in the year 1892. In this paper, several kinds of heat engines are considered and its main purpose in automobile engineering field are illustrated. It has been seen in the past that persons employs temporary as well as ordinary machines for designing and manufacturing a product. Modern equipments were introduced after the period of industrial revolution that involved automobile engines. Automobile engines includes diesel, heat, mechanical engines. All these types of engines are categorized into two types that includes mechanical or automotive. These two types of engines are basically internal combustion and external combustion engine. Though the external structure of these engines was similar, they vary in terms of fuel consumption. The consumption of fuel occurs in diesel engines internally. While external combustion machines are specially applied in locomotive as well as in marine vehicles by utilizing gas or liquid fuels. Moreover, it has been well known that internal incineration engines are less flexible than external combustion engines even after getting initial torque. Internal combustion engines basically employs volatile fuels such as diesel or petrol. Moreover, this internal combustion engines are used in automobiles and its has huge significance in this industry as it is cost as well as thermal efficient. Internal combustion engines are mainly automobile engines. Therefore, the features as well as the functions of IC engines are explained below. In case of diesel engine, the compressed air as well as reactant fuel has been employed under high pressure and high temperature into combustion chamber. On the other hand, different types of engines are segmented based on the design, strokes and total fuel used in it. The major components of engines include cylinder block, piston ring, connecting rod and head. The temperature of the engine is usually evaluated by the size, fuel utilization and type of the engine. Several varieties of engine that exist in the automobile industry is based on the cylinder, total intake of fuel etc. The characteristics of diesel engine is illustrated below. The ratio of air to fuel in the engines is 14.7 The temperature that it can intake is around 180-210 degree Celsius The compression ratio of regular fuels and premium fuels is around 9 and 10 respectively The intake pressure is around 0-6 bars The thermal efficiency of the engines is near about 39% Work done by engines refers to net power of engines output. Satisfying the customers Internal as well as external stakeholders play a vital role in manufacturing diesel engines. The vital aspects that the stakeholders consider while producing diesel engines is explained in the table below: Internal stakeholders Expectations of the stakeholders Investors To attain highest returns To keep up pace with the fluctuations of the market Maximum profit Producers Stocks of raw materials must be conservative Wide variety of diesel engines should be available in the markets Obtaining maximum profit from the share market Design department Providing platform to the employees for showing their skill Offering good salary package Engineering department Innovation in engine design for attracting more customers Implementation of new technologies for enhancing production Promoting the employees or improving their status Human resource Proper business environment Offering salary based on the performance of the job External Stakeholders Expectations Retailers Building proper relationship with the consumers Expectation of high profit Price within the budget Promotional activities in traditional mediums like media Consumers High accessories options and its functionality Offering good service to the customers Reasonable engine cost Contenders Executing proper relationship with their rivalries Not encouraging politics within the business environment Norms of the Government Adoption of new scheme to the business Implementing taxes for new engines Assessing the needs of the consumers It is vital for every organization to assess the needs and preferences of the customers in order to attain higher profitability. Various strategies or steps are implemented for each segments at which the producers mainly focus on for meeting the needs of the customers. This improves the sales performance of the organization as they manufacturers designs the product accordingly. The management of the firm follows certain steps in order to tackle the requirements of the customers. These includes- Interviewing the customers Visiting the customers Obtaining feedback from the customers Focusing customers groups Providing warranty forms to the customers Customer interviews facilitate the firms in focusing on the needs of the customers and obtain feedback in order to produce the best product. The management of the organization takes the interviews of the customers and hence the data gathered from the respondents helps in designing the product according to the customers preference. Customers are also interviewed through telephone or internet and this procedure needs good communication skills of them. The company interviews all types of customers in order to obtain accurate data. In addition, the management of the company prepares proper planning of questionnaires for covering up the minute details in relation to this product. The production department gains huge benefit as this procedure helps them in gathering the feedback and work according to it. The questionnaires have been prepared in relation to the power of engine, framing issues etc. After acquiring the data from the interview, the firms then filter and segment it according to the views of customers. In contrast to this, the customers then divides it into Essential, Needs and Extra. It is vital for every production company to visit the customers and making note of their needs and preferences. It has huge significance in this industry as it helps in attaining competitive advantage over their rivals. The leading firms in this industry apply this strategy in order to make sure that the expectations of the customers are met. Additionally, the needs of the customers are analyzed in proper way and are kept in records (Shi. and Zhou 2013). This records helps the company in enhancing their service from the view point of customers satisfaction. Good communication is also considered as the main factor that is involved in this process so that the firms can answer the impractical questions that might be asked by the customers. There are few customers that comes with the question that is related with production such as operations, efficiency and procedure applied in manufacturing the product. Therefore, interaction with the customers facilitates the companies in improving th e quality and design of the product. Feedback obtained from the customers The feedback obtained from the customers helps the company in finding out the wants of the customers. These records also facilitate the producers of diesel engines in making changes in design as well as in quality in order to satisfy the customers. It also aids in eliminating errors in relation with sounds and performance of engine. The complaints of the customers are also gathered from the survey. The survey is being done through questionnaires in relation to the engine power, performance of sound etc. Moreover, the customer complaints are then forwarded to the design as well as production department. However, these strategy aids in improving the financial performance of the company. The customers complaints is analyzed with the help of SWOT framework Strength It helps in finding the needs of the customers Opportunities Customers feedback provides huge opportunities to the company in innovating new products and expand their business in the globe Weaknesses Communication lack between the customers and stakeholders Threats The contenders can know the moves of this company and change their pricing strategy accordingly. Focusing customers groups The company focuses on the customer group from recent as well as from past. One group is randomly selected for interviewing. The company mainly focuses to listen the feedback from customers and put forwards some complaints to the production department (Tricco et al. 2012). This aids the company in attaining accurate results and suggests the company in introducing few features while designing the product. This strategy positively influence the company in relation to design , performance and comfort. The SWOT analysis for this focus customers groups is given as under- Strength Communication between the employees and consumers helps in improving the product quality Weaknesses Politics prevailing in the business environment Opportunities Innovating new products Threats Probability of failing from this procedure Assessing the needs of the customers (Kano Analysis) The company prepares the survey feedback form for analyzing the customers. This procedure mainly of 5 steps, which is explained below: Analyzing the goals and objectives of the survey Find out the needs of the customers for diesel engine Implement modern methods for enhancing the sales performance in future Analyze the complaint of the customers The survey plan is developed by interacting with 500 customers through internet or social media. Each assessment is directly linked to the email id of the customers and firms website. As soon as the survey completes, the company plans to reward the customers with discount coupons or gifts. The strategy helps the company in attracting more customers as well as increases the accuracy of the survey (Goetsch and Davis 2014). As a result, the firm ends in attaining accurate results from this survey. Designing survey questionnaires The entity designs the questionnaire by focusing on the features of the diesel engines. Each customers rate this features of engines by scoring them from 1 to 10 based on the priority. This is explained in the table below: Most important Moderately important Not important 8-10 5-7 2-4 Table 2: Scoring according to priority No Customer's Needs Score 1 Assurance of engine 2 Motion sensing instrument 3 Specifying design 4 Annual services 5 Automatic self starter 6 Engine Efficiency 7 Light weight engine 8 Safety quality 9 Flexible valves arrangement 10 position of water coolant 11 Position of Piston ring 12 Facility of online orders 13 Proper supply of lubricant for bearings 14 Water resistance 15 tracking records of parts of engine 16 Instrument for finding external error 17 Linkage between piston and crankshaft 18 Regulator valves for engine strokes 19 Receiving pressurized gas at piston 20 Flexible block and cylinder head 21 High end non-rusty engine parts 22 Maintenance function 23 Bearings for supporting moving parts 24 Turbo booster 25 Sensors of error notification Table 3: Survey Questionnaires After gathering the outcome from the survey, the score is then added to obtain combined result. These features of the engines are classified based on Essentiality (E), Wants (W) and extras. Essentiality Needs Extra Cumulative Scores Greater than 14000 9000-14000 Less than 9000 Table 4: Classifying criteria Carrying out the survey After carrying out the survey, the end result is shown in the table given below: No Customer's Wants Rating Scores Cumulative scores 1 Assurance of Engine 10 18500 Essentiality 2 Motion sensing instrument 6 10500 Needs 3 Specifying design 7 13500 Needs 4 Annual services 8 15522 Essentiality 5 Automatic self starter 5 7568 Extra 6 Engine efficiency 8 13125 Essentiality 7 Light weight engine 6 13472 Needs 8 Safety quality 10 14565 Essentiality 9 Flexible valves arrangement 8 15475 Needs 10 Position of water coolant 7 14725 Essentiality 11 Position of Piston ring 6 10557 Needs 12 Facility of Online orders 2 8764 Extra 13 Proper supply of lubricants for bearings 8 14567 Needs 14 Water resistance 7 13666 Needs 15 tracking records of parts of engine 7 13428 Needs 16 Instrument for finding external error 4 6456 Extra 17 Linkage between piston and crankshaft 10 17568 Essentiality 18 Regulator valves for engine strokes 9 18534 Essentiality 19 Receiving pressurized gas at piston 8 15257 Essentiality 20 Flexible block and cylinder head 2 6261 Extra 21 High end non-rusty engine parts 7 13796 Needs 22 Maintenance function 10 17997 Essentiality 23 Bearings for supporting moving parts 6 15687 Needs 24 Turbo booster 4 4977 Extra 25 Sensors for error notification 7 18549 Essentiality Table 5: End Result Analyzing outcomes of survey Essentiality Needs Extras Assurance of engine Motion sensing instrument Automatic self starter Annual services Specifying design Facility of Online orders Engine efficiency Light weight engine Instrument for finding external error Safety quality Flexible valves arrangement Flexible block and cylinder head Position of water coolant Position of Piston ring Turbo booster Linkage between piston and crankshaft Proper supply of lubricants for bearings Regulator valves for engine strokes Water resistance Receiving pressurized gas at piston tracking records of parts of engine Maintenance function High end non-rusty engine parts Sensors for Error notification Bearings for supporting moving parts Table 6: Classifying features of engine Requirement of product design Analyzing the Quality Function Development (QFD) is opted by the company in order to highlight on the customers needs and is interconnected with design constraints. The weight of each characteristics of product is mainly allocated from the results of survey that has been conducted above (Wang et al. 2012). The table below reflects the set of numbers that is 1 reflects strong, 5 medium and 9 for weak. This set of numbers is used for linking between design constraints and the needs of customers. Requirements of product design RATING Crankshaft Connecting rod Crankcase housing Flywheel Camshaft Combustion chamber housing Piston and piston rings Crankpins and bearings Cylinder block housing Valve housing Customer Needs and Expectations Essentiality Assurance of engine 10 1 5 1 0 5 9 5 0 1 9 Annual services 8 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 5 0 Engine Efficiency 8 9 9 0 5 5 9 0 5 5 9 Safety quality 10 1 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 1 Position of water coolant 7 0 0 5 0 0 9 0 1 9 0 Linkage between piston and crankshaft 10 5 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 9 Regulator valves for engine strokes 9 0 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 Receiving pressurized gas at piston 8 0 5 0 9 0 9 5 0 0 1 maintenance function 10 9 5 0 5 1 0 9 1 0 0 Sensors for error notification 7 5 1 0 1 0 5 0 0 5 9 Needs Motion sensing instrument 6 5 1 0 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 Specifying Design 7 1 5 0 9 0 0 5 0 0 0 Light weight engine 6 5 0 9 0 9 9 0 1 9 0 Flexible valves arrangement 8 1 1 0 5 1 9 0 0 0 9 Position of Piston ring 7 0 1 5 9 0 5 1 0 9 0 Proper lubricant supply for bearings 8 0 1 1 0 5 1 9 5 0 0 Water resistance 7 5 1 1 0 5 0 5 9 5 9 tracking records of engine parts 7 3 0 0 3 1 0 9 9 0 0 High end non-rusty engine parts 7 0 0 5 0 0 9 5 0 1 5 Bearings for supporting moving parts 6 5 9 5 1 0 1 5 9 5 0 Extra's Automatic self starter 5 1 9 0 5 0 0 1 1 5 1 Facility of Online orders 2 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 9 5 0 Instrument for finding External error 4 1 9 3 0 1 9 1 5 1 5 Flexible block and cylinder head 2 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Turbo booster 4 1 5 0 1 5 0 0 0 5 0 190 KN of strength 1400rpm speed 26 KJ of heat 65 NM of torque 35rpm speed 11000 rpm of capacity 9psi 140/min of oil flow 5-7 psi of pressure back 35 psi of internal pressure Value to be achieved 384 426 281 420 197 625 359 283 435 447 Absolute score (total) Table 7: QFD form FMEA is analyzed by assessing QFD table and is selected from the top 5 design constraints. From these assessments of design requirements, the reason for failure in this whole table is reflected (Edelkamp 2014). Therefore, this analysis is used in order to reduce failure chance and improve overall specification. Risk (R)= Probability* Severity (S) Now, probability and Severity are mainly determined by applying the numbers 1 to 5. The numbers reflects different functions that is shown in the table below: Level 1 2 3 4 5 P Probability of Failure Very low low Average High Very High S Severity of Failure Marginal Minor Major Serious Critical Table 8: Scale of risk and severity function Potential failure Impact on system Main reason of failure Risk faced before taking action Action taken in reducing risk Risk faced after action is taken P S R P S R Combustion chamber housing Decreasing efficiency of engine. Engine power is decreased owing to huge pressure. Spark plug unable in igniting fuel. 5 2 10 Reform in design of combustion chamber as well as housing. 1 5 5 Valve housing Difference in pressure inside cylinder. Inaccurate movement of piston as well as misplaced stroke. Valve housing stops operating owing to mathematical error. 3 3 9 Improve in valve design as well as its properties. 1 5 5 Cylinder block housing Slowing procedure inside the cylinder. Influencing the entire cylinder and this leads to break point. Poor rising of housing block inside the cylinder. 4 2 8 exact arrangement and positioning housing design. 1 4 4 Connecting rod Damaging connecting rod. Failure in transmission Decreasing the power and hence consuming huge pressure. 4 3 12 Utilizing high quality material. 1 5 5 Flywheel Speed variation and disengagement of flywheel. uneven rotational speed Rise in load decreases the rotational speed 3 2 6 Change in design of flywheel. 1 5 5 Chart showing mode of failure and effect analysis Assessment and selection of supplier There are several components of Diesel Engine. The important element that is utilized in assembling a diesel engine and external suppliers mainly delivers these parts. The 10 vital elements are listed below: Cylinder head Cylinder block Connecting rod Piston Push Rod Camshaft Spark Plug Valves Injector Developing criteria for selecting supplier One component is chosen from this 10 components in this section that includes Cylinder Block. The 10 most vital factor that are mainly considered in selecting supplier are : Status of the supplier Production cost Quality assurance Location Durability Good financial Good service history Good knowledge about technology Good job performance Dependability Designing and applying system of supplier selection The company adopts this process for selecting supplier by implementing some criteria for selection. Implementation of selection system benefits the company in finding the best supplier among many. In this circumstances, 3 best organizations have been selected for supplying cylinder block and by doing this it has been ranked 1-10 by considering the previous sales performance, complaints and the rate of success etc. The company has been scored by multiplying score obtained by the supplier with the weighted score of the selection criteria (Eastman 2012). Thus, the company selects the supplier based on the highest score obtained by one of them and hence they gives them the designation of main supplier. Suppliers Selection Assessment Criteria Weighting Jaya hind Ltd. Basil Ltd. Ganga Ltd. Score Weighted Score Score Weighted Score Score Weighted Score Technological knowledge 7 8 56 7 48 6 64 Good financial performance in past 8 7 54 9 48 9 48 Quality assurance 6 7 42 7 56 8 42 Production cost 5 6 45 7 54 8 63 High performance 6 8 35 6 30 7 40 Dependability 9 8 72 6 40 5 40 Good service history 5 6 36 8 54 9 45 Location 5 7 24 6 20 7 20 Durability 8 6 56 7 49 8 35 Status of the supplier 8 7 42 6 56 7 42 Total 70 473 69 462 74 489 Table 10: Method of selecting selection The above table reflects that Gangas Ltd has acquired the highest score in selection of supplier criterion. Report of the procedure of supplier selection The above table reflects that Ganga Ltd has obtained the highest position and records to 489 points as compared to other organizations that includes Jai Hind with 473 points and Basil Ltd with 462 points respectively. It has been highlighted from the above table that Ganga Ltd has acquired the highest point in numerous sections that includes durability, quality and status of the supplier in comparison with their respective competitors including Basil Ltd and Jai Hind. On the other hand, Jai hind has received the highest rank with respect to durability as well as dependability criteria for selection as compared to Ganga Ltd and Basil Ltd. In addition, Basil stands on the last position as accounted by overall scores. But this company has good status, good quality and good service in comparison with other companies (Colledani, et al. 2014). However, from these selection procedure it has been seen that though Ganga Ltd lacks in few section , the company has been technologically advanced with respect to other organizations that pleases the minds of the customers (Wadswort et al. 2014). Hence, it can be said that Ganga Ltd has the best suppliers that provides cylinder blocks. As there are several components of engine, it is difficult to draw its parts. In order to ease this, various software were used that includes CREO etc. In Autodesk is the type of software that helps in designing small parts with exact dimensions as well as results (Montgomery 2017). Moreover it creates 3D framework that helps in stimulating different kinds of test that includes strain , stress etcx by implementing this design software. In order to manufacture high quality Diesel engine, the company uses good quality raw material at economical cost such that the production cost is not raised. Therefore, the raw material that has applied in the producing diesel engine must not qualify all properties such as durability, properties of heating etc . Best suppliers are selected by using supplier selection procedure and this helps in supplying raw material and other components that have utilized in the production process (Bullinger and Warschat 2012). In this case, production entities should tie up with an agreement during this period of time. In order to obtain accurate results in producing final product, the manufacturing company must evaluate each component before utilizing in the producing product (Bar-Isaa. and Shapiro 2013). These inspection also help in reducing the errors and wastage of raw materials. Thus, implantation of this procedure helps the company in attaining highest rank. It has been well known that production of engine requires precision and thus for acquiring accurate outcome, the company applies machine instruments. The instruments utilized in this procedure are CNC, laser cutting etc. Adoption of this procedure facilitates the entity in obtaining finished components without any mistake. This is the final stage of the production process in which the final goods are collected together. Therefore, these finished products are then assembled according to the specification of design. The testing the engine is the vital process that the company follows after the assembling procedure. After assembling the engine, it goes through several tests that includes efficiency, strain as well stress, performance and vibration test etc.. After completion of testing the engine , the engineers randomly test by focusing on the detailing that starts from the material to engine performance. Packaging as well as supplying engine The company focuses on the packaging the engine based on their functionality such as power and distribution, name of the company etc. In addition, each engine is then packed according to the serial number as well as types (Burke 2013). After completion of packaging, each engine is then supplied to the production companies according to their order. Marketing strategy is vital in business as it helps the company in improving their sales performance and maximize profit. In this process, the manufacturers advertizes the engine by applying different methods such as commercials, newspaper, journals, social media etc. This also facilitates the producers in reaching many suppliers and this in turn mproves the fiancail performance of the company. This process is mainly used in controlling the quality as well as effectiveness of product by utilizing various statistical procedure. SPC is then adopted in examining the process and thus reducing waste amount and increase efficiency. Moreover, it also aids in evaluating crucial factors in the procedure (Ampatzoglou et al. 2012). For example, control chart is the vital factor in SPC. SPC includes 3 vital things that includes centre line that indicates process, UCL that signifies upper control limit indicates suitable variation limit and lastly upper as well as lower limit for specification. It is basically segmented by attribute as well as variable data and this attribute is considered for SPC chart. Three types of SPC chart is categorized under attribute data P- chart- For plotting the defective element in the changeable sample amount, P chart is implemented. Moreover, in this chart type, both the UCL as well as LCL is changeable (Angheluta et al. 2012). NP chart- The company uses this chart in order to point out faulty items from the samples. In this type[e of chart, UCL as well as LCL are even. C chart- It is mainly applied for plotting the graph of defective samples in attribute set. In addition, centerline is usually drawn by evaluating mean error in fixed time. X chart- these kind of chart is applied for small sample size and the main drawback odf this chart is assessment of size 1 process. X bar and R Chart- this combination of charts plots mean of quantity as well as series of dimensions. Designing using SPC chart Evaluation has been done based on the 10 definite processes. In this case, 5 inspections are conducted each day and the number of sample sizes is 5 each day. This process continued for 15 more days and hence SPC is also applied for C chart. C chart It is mainly based on decimal figure and is utilized for unchangeable sample sizes. The terms that are mainly used in this chart rae- C- error amount C-bar- total of ( C)/k Day No: of the defects Sample size C bar UCL LCL Day 1 3 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 2 6 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 3 7 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 4 9 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 5 10 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 6 11 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 7 7 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 8 7 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 9 6 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 10 9 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 11 10 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 12 11 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 13 9 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 14 9 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Day 15 4 5 7.8666667 16.28094 -0.5476069 Assessing problems The problems that are identified in relation to diesel engines includes- Oil leakage Air blocks Flywheel failure Failure of pressure valve Coolant fluid leakage Bad compression ratio Engine overheat Instruments used for problem solving Flow chart Check sheet Gantt chart Why-why diagram Pareto diagram Methods of problem solving Tools used in this report for solving problem The tool that is mainly applied in solving the problem of Oil Leakage is- Why- Why Diagram- This procedure is applied by the company in order to find the main reason behind the problem from huge problem set. This figure helps in explaining the problem of oil leakage in the diesel engine References Ampatzoglou, A., Frantzeskou, G. and Stamelos, I., 2012. A methodology to assess the impact of design patterns on software quality.Information and Software Technology,54(4), pp.331-346. Angheluta, T., Pirnea, I.C. and Moisa, C., 2012. Quality System Implementation Process for Sustainable Success Development in Romanian SMEs.Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition,15(1), p.226. Armijo?Olivo, S., Stiles, C.R., Hagen, N.A., Biondo, P.D. and Cummings, G.G., 2012. Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: methodological research.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,18(1), pp.12-18. Bar-Isaac, H. and Shapiro, J., 2013. Ratings quality over the business cycle.Journal of Financial Economics,108(1), pp.62-78. Barker, T.B. and Milivojevich, A., 2016.Quality by experimental design. CRC Press. Bullinger, H.J. and Warschat, J. eds., 2012.Concurrent simultaneous engineering systems: the way to successful product development. Springer Science Business Media. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Carlyle, W.M., Montgomery, D.C. and Runger, G.C., 2012. Optimization problems and methods in quality control and improvement.Journal of Quality Technology,32(1), p.1. Carpenter, R.P., Lyon, D.H. and Hasdell, T.A., 2012.Guidelines for sensory analysis in food product development and quality control. Springer Science Business Media. Colledani, M., Tolio, T., Fischer, A., Iung, B., Lanza, G., Schmitt, R. and Vncza, J., 2014. Design and management of manufacturing systems for production quality.CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,63(2), pp.773-796. Eastman, C.M. ed., 2012.Design for X: concurrent engineering imperatives. Springer Science Business Media. Edelkamp, S., 2014, May. Planning with pattern databases. InSixth European Conference on Planning. Evans, J.R. and Lindsay, W.M., 2013.Managing for quality and performance excellence. Cengage Learning. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Pearson. Meyers, D.C., Durlak, J.A. and Wandersman, A., 2012. The quality implementation framework: A synthesis of critical steps in the implementation process.American journal of community psychology,50(3-4), pp.462-480. Mitra, A., 2016.Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Mittal, A., Moorthy, A.K. and Bovik, A.C., 2012. No-reference image quality assessment in the spatial domain.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,21(12), pp.4695-4708.. Montgomery, D.C., 2017.Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley Sons. Rahim, M.A. and Ben-Daya, M. eds., 2012.Integrated models in production planning, inventory, quality, and maintenance. Springer Science Business Media. Shi, J. and Zhou, S., 2013. Quality control and improvement for multistage systems: A survey.IIE Transactions,41(9), pp.744-753. Tricco, A.C., Ivers, N.M., Grimshaw, J.M., Moher, D., Turner, L., Galipeau, J., Halperin, I., Vachon, B., Ramsay, T., Manns, B. and Tonelli, M., 2012. Effectiveness of quality improvement strategies on the management of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet,379(9833), pp.2252-2261. Wadsworth, H.M., Stephens, K.S. and Godfrey, A.B., 2012.Modern methods for quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Wang, C.H., Chen, K.Y. and Chen, S.C., 2012. Total quality management, market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external environmental factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), pp.119-129.

To Kill A Mockingbirdz Essay Example For Students

To Kill A Mockingbirdz Essay To Kill a Mockingbird was one of the best book I ever read. Thebook mostly deals with how the main character, Atticus Finch,deals with the controversy surrounding his actions and how hetries to shelter his family from it. The main part of the book takes place at the trial. A womannamed Mayella Ewell, blames a black man named Tom Robinsonof rape. Its not true, but she knows she can get away with it, sincethe people in those days had lots of respect for white women, andblacks were still treated like slaves. The main character, AtticusFinch, defends Tom in the whole case. He is called a Niggerlover for defending Tom, and his childrens friends make fun ofthem at school since their father is defending Tom. Atticus trieshis best to be a fair lawyer, he know that tom didnt rape her. We will write a custom essay on To Kill A Mockingbirdz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When they had the trials Mayella Ewell think she will win the casebecause shes white and hes black. When it comes time forAtticus to question Mayella, he proves that Tom didnt rape her. The jury leaves to come up with a verdict. When they come back,they find Tom guilty. He is sentenced to be hung, and it is carriedout. After all this Mayellas father, Bob Ewell wanted revengeagainst Atticus for proving her daughter a liar. Atticus children arewalking home from the Halloween pageant, they found out thatthey were being followed and then they are attacked. The nextthing they know is that they are being carried home, and Jem has abroken arm and Scout a couple of bruises. Scout notices the manwho carried Jem home was Boo Radley, a next-door neighbor whothey never really talked to but know he is a very friendly person bythe way he leaves candy for them on the way to school in a hollowtree outside his house. She later finds out that he had saved theirlives. She accepts him as a friend and tells Atticus that he is Realnice. Atticus agrees and reminds her that most people are whenyou get to know them. I enjoyed reading this book. The book gets its name from whenScout, who is the narrator, and her older brother Jem when theyboth got air rifles for Christmas. They are told never to kill amockingbird because it sings beautiful songs and does no damageto anyone.

This is because the animate being could perchance Essays - Medicine

This is because the animate being could perchance devour the metal and contract what many carnal scientists know as hardware disease. Hardware disease can strike any ruminant at any clip after the metal is consumed. If the metal is in the right topographic point at the incorrect clip the husbandman loses his farm animal. The proprietor needs to be cognizant of the definition, marks, intervention and bar of hardware disease for their animate beings. Some inquiries that a husbandman may hold when raising cowss and worrying about hardware disease can be how will this impact the cowss that are raised? Will the animate being s public presentation go down? How dearly-won is this disease? How fast can the carnal be affected by the disease? Is it treatable? How can the husbandman prevent hardware disease? Does the disease affect cowss that are a certain age, or does it count? When it comes to hardware disease many persons are non truly certain what it is. Hardware disease in layperson s foot ings can be classified as a disease where the animate being ingests a metal object into their Reticulum. Once the metal gets into the Reticulum, it becomes difficult to free and will frequently clip remain at that place in the cow until it dies of natural causes. Sometimes though, the bovine that ingests metal will hold a serious job really fast. The animate being, if the hardware does acquire lodged into the Reticulum has a opportunity in puncturing the Reticulum. If this does go on of class the animate being will hold some kind of infection Oklahoman or subsequently. The animate being could besides decease, rapidly. Harmonizing to the University of Missouri frequently times hardware disease is caused by any signifier of a crisp object that makes its manner through the tummy wall and finds its manner to the bosom ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cowss ingest the foreign object, normally something like a nail or a little piece of wire that is left after a fencing occupation, it may happen it s manner to the bosom therefore killing the animate being in a painful mode ( UoM 1993 ) . More frequently than non you can normally happen the object in the chamber of the tummy known as the Reticulum ( UoM 1993 ) . The Reticulum is the portion of the cow s tummy that is like a baseball baseball mitt it catches all of the foreign stuff that should non travel through a cow s enteric system but allows feed to go through through ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cow moves or does something to do any type of musculus contraction the foreign object may be forced through the wall which may do incursion to the stop and or bosom pouch ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease is the common name for traumatic gastritis and traumatic reticulates. Cattles that have traumatic gastritis are classified into three groups, sub-acute local, chronic and acute diffuse type. As of right

The Population Solution

The Population Solution Question...1. Most people assume that human numbers will stabilize at some point in the future. Discuss the conditions which can contribute to the solution of the population explosion.- The Population Problem Solution -'Let us suppose that the average human being weighs 60 kilogram's. If that's the case then 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 people would weigh as much as the whole Earth does. That number of people is 30,000,000,000,000 times as many people as there are living today. It may seem to you that the population can go up a long, long time before it reaches the point where there are 30,000,000,000,000 times as many people as there are today. Let's think about that though. Let us suppose that the population growth rate stays at 2.0 per cent so that the number of people in the world continues to double every 35 years. How long, then, will it take for the world's population to weigh as much as the entire planet? The answer is - not quite 1,600 years.English: This image is a reproduct ion of an origin...This means that by 3550 AD, the human population would weight as much as the entire planet.... Even if that were possible, it wouldn't give us much time. If the growth-rate stays at 2.0 per cent, then in a little over 2,200 years - say, by 4220 AD - the human population would weigh as much as the entire Solar system, including the Sun... and by about 6700 AD - the human population would weigh as much as the entire Universe.' The preceding paragraph, by Isaac Asimov describes quite alarmingly just how bad the population problem really is, that in considerably less time that has passed since the days of Julius Caesar the population will equal in mass of that of the earth. Most people assume that human numbers will stabilize at...

The use of drones in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The use of drones in the United States - Essay Example However, there is a lot of debate that have been sparked on the legality, efficacy and morality of this practice, even though, capable drones have versatile uses. In the current times, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was ordered by the Obama’s administration to come up with a plan in order to permit unarmed drones within the United States airspace. Such a decision was as a result of the tremendous demand arising from different stakeholders such as Border Patrol, police, agencies, organizations and businesses in their quest to use them in future. This paper addresses the pros and cons of the legalization of drones for commercial use by companies/organizations in the United States. The pros of the use of drones in the United States by border patrol police, agencies, organizations, and businesses. Drones can be used to save lives. These devices can be used to reduce significantly the frequency and exposure of military personnel during war. Another benefit of drones is the low cost. These devices are affordable when purchasing and the costs incurred in maintaining or fueling them are significantly lower compared to ordinary and regular airplanes. Needless to say, there is low risk involved as a result of military hardware since these devices are comparatively smaller and can, therefore, fly at lower altitudes as opposed to the traditional airplanes. There is the benefit of comparatively longer operational hours without any fatigue. This is because drones do not have human pilots and can, therefore, stay in operation for a long time.

Da Vinci and Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Da Vinci and Freud - Essay Example The notebooks that Da Vinci left behind disclose an exceptionally alert and incisive mind swimming with so many fantastical initiatives that it would have taken several lifetimes to bring just the realistic to fruition. As a result of what he did accomplish and the truly breathtaking scope of what he intended to accomplish, for most of his legacy Leonard Da Vinci has been relegated to that airy sphere of the genius, removed from the rabble of consistent mediocrity. For this reason, Da Vinci's image has tended to withstand contemporary assaults and interpretations through the ages. Safely removed to a period considered among the heights of human achievement, it has always been easier to simply dismiss any realistic examination into the psyche of his mind by explaining him inadequately away as a genius. The past century, however, has witness a revitalization of the image of Da Vinci that has gotten particularly vital in the past few decades. No longer content to explain away artistic prodigy with the lame excuse of genius, the critical investigation into what has made Da Vinci a titanic figure in history has come down to earth through careful examination of all extant material. Da Vinci's exertions on an assortment of subject matter have made its way across the world, found in museums on nearly every continent. It has even come to light that not everything that is found in the scribbles of those notebooks originated in the mind of Da Vinci himself; he possessed not just a creative mind, but an interpretive mind as well, adapting pre-existing ideas. This new information and the analysis of what had already been known have supplied an enhanced considerate for the process by which Leonardo benefited from the ideas presented by both his peers and predecessors. In this way, Leonardo has been lowered a little closer to earth, while still striding over most of us like an Olympus. Without doing anything to reduce his accomplishments, this new portrait of Da Vinci serves to reveal a figure that is somehow more human and even vulnerable. Yet, despite an artistic canon that is renowned for a massive fresco depicting the Last Supper of Jesus Christ, as well as countless portraits of the Madonna and baby Jesus, Leonardo Da Vinci's contemporary idealization is based upon the conception of the artist as a secular figure. Da Vinci, despite his clear talents as a traditional artist of Biblical images, is foremost grounded in the modern consciousness as a scientist who used his art as a device for peering into the clandestine world that lies hidden just behind the veil of knowledge. The great irony of Da Vinci's life may be that his fame rests greatly upon two of paintings that considered the ultimate Renaissance accomplishment of bringing to life the mysteries of the human soul while he was as a person actually rather disinterested in the affairs of men such as religion and politics. Clearly, Leonardo Da Vinci ranks as one of history's greatest intellectuals, despite his self-exile from much of the realm of society. Just as obvious from the sheer breadth of his accomplishments and the truly astounding range of his interests, Da Vinci suffered-or perhaps thrive would be apt-from conditions related to obsession. Intellectualization is a psychological term used to describe the endeavor of obsessive to sublimate uncomfortable emotional disorders through the

UK employee relations have seen significant changes over the last 30 Essay

UK employee relations have seen significant changes over the last 30 years. Evaluate the importance of these changes and how the - Essay Example One of the other changes that have occurred since 1980 is the growth of non-standard employment, which includes short fixed-term contract, temporary employment, freelance work, outwork, homework and part-time work (Millward et al., 2000, p. 44). As far as part-time employment is concerned, 25% of firms had part-time workers in 1980, while 44% of the firms had part-time workers in 1998 (Millward et al., 2000, p. 44). The ever-increasing use of part-time workers has implications for unions, as part-timers are much less likely to be a part of a union, and workplaces that employ a substantial number of part-time workers are less likely to recognize trade unions (Millward et al., 2000, p. 45). With regards to workers with short fixed-term contracts, this number rose from 19% of all firms answering they had at least one employee with a short fixed-term contract in 1980 to 35% answering this question in 1998 (Millward et al., 2000, p. 46). With regards to temporary employment, the percentag e increased from 20% of all firms answering in the affirmative whether they had at least one temporary worker in 1980 to 28% answering this same question in 1998 (Millward et al., 2000, p. 47). With regards to free-lance workers, the data is unclear as to whether this number has risen or fallen between the years 1980 and 1998 (Millward et al., 2000, p. 48). Employee relations have also undergone a big shift since 1980. One of the shifts is in regards to whom manages the employees – in 1980, employees were managed by a generalist; in 1998, the shift was towards management by a specialist in employee relations and line managers. In 1980, generalists accounted for 75% of all managers; in 1998, they accounted for only 46% (Millward et al., 2000, p. 52). One of the reasons for this shift is the increased prevalence of foreign firms, as they rely more upon employee relations specialists, such as human resource managers than domestic workplaces (Millward et al., 2000, p. 54). What t he shift towards employing ER specialists for employee relations shows is that firms increasingly see employee relations as a position that requires a professional with formal credentials (Millward et al., 2000, p. 81). Another major change is that more women are managing employee relations – just 12% of employee relations positions were held by women in 1980, while 39% of employee relations positions were held by women in 1998 (Millward et al., 2000, p. 59). Another of the broad changes has concerned unionism. In particular, unionism has fallen considerably since 1980. In 1980, 73% of workplaces had one or more union members; that number fell to 54% in 1998 (Millward et al., 2000, p. 84). Moreover, the density of union members fell from 47% in 1980 to 36% in 1998, with the fall most steep in the private sector, with the public sector showing much less of a decline (Millward et al.., 2000, p. 103). With the decline in numbers came an attendant decline in clout, with collectiv e bargaining coverage declining during the period between 1984-1998 (Millward et al., 2000, pp. 180-181). In 2004, around 34% of all employees were union members, and there were still roughly 36% of workplaces with a union, mainly in the public sector (Kersey et al., 2004). However, the decline of unions did not mean that employees lost their voice – there simply was a shift from union representatives being the voice of employees to the implementation of channels where employees can communicate directly with

Glass-ceramics: Types, Technology and Application

Glass-ceramics: Types, Technology and Application CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Glass-ceramics Glass-ceramics are fine-grained polycrystalline materials formed when glasses of suitable compositions are heat treated and thus undergo controlled crystallisation to the lower energy, crystalline state. It must be emphasised here that only specific glass compositions are suitable precursors for glass-ceramics due to the fact that some glasses are too stable and difficult to crystallise whereas others result in undesirable microstructures by crystallising too readily in an uncontrollable manner. In addition, it must also be accentuated that in order for a suitable product to be attained, the heat-treatment is critical for the process and a range of generic heat treatment procedures are used which are meticulously developed and modified for a specific glass composition. A glass-ceramic is formed by the heat treatment of glass which results in crystallisation. Crystallisation of glasses is attributed to thermodynamic drives for reducing the Gibbs free energy, and the Amorphous Phase Separation (APS) which favours the crystallisation process by forming a nucleated phase easier than it would in the original glass. When a glass is melted, the liquid formed from the melting might spontaneously separate into two very viscous liquids or phases. By cooling the melt to a temperature below the glass transformation region it will result in the glass being phase separated and this is called liquid-liquid immiscibility. This occurs when both the phases are liquid. Hence a glass can simply be considered as a liquid which undergoes a demixing process when it cools. The immiscibility is either stable or metastable depending on whether the phase seperation occurs above or below the liquidus temperature respectively. The metastable immiscibility is much more inmporta nt and has two processes which then cause phase seperation and hence crystallisation; nucleation and crystal growth and spinodal decomposition. The first APS process has two distinguished stages; Nucleation (whereby the crystals will grow to a detectable size on the nucleus) and Crystal growth. Nucleation can either be homogeneous; where the crystals form spontaneously within the melt or heterogeneous; crystals form at a pre-existing surface such as that due to an impurity, crucible wall etc. Many a time the parent glass composition is specifically chosen to contain species which enhance internal nucleation which in the majority of cases is required. Such species also called nucleating agents can include metallic agents such as Ag, Pt and Pd or non-metallic agents such as TiO ­2, P2O5 and fluorides. The second process is spinodal decomposition which involves a gradual change in composition of the two phases until they reach the immiscibility boundary. As both the processes for APS are different, the glass formed will clearly result in having different morphology to each other. A glass-ceramic is usually not fully crystalline; with the microstructure being 50-95 volume % crystalline with the remainder being residual glass. When the glass undergoes heat treatment, one or more crystalline phases may form. Both the compositions of the crystalline and residual glass are different to the parent glass. In order for glass-ceramics having desirable properties to be developed, it is crucial to control the crystallisation process so that an even distribution of crystals can be formed. This is done by controlling the nucleation and crystal growth rate. The nucleation rate and crystal growth rate is a function of temperature and are accurately measured experimentally (Stookey 1959; McMillan 1979, Holand Beall 2002) The aim of the crystallisation process is to convert the glass into glass-ceramic which have properties superior to the parent glass. The glass-ceramic formed depends on efficient internal nucleation from controlled crystallisation which allows the development of fine, randomly oriented grains without voids, microcracks, or other porosity. This results in the glass-ceramic being much stronger, harder and more chemically stable than the parent glass. Glass-ceramics are characterised in terms of composition and microstructure as their properties depend on both of these. The ability of a glass to be formed as well as its degree of workability depends on the bulk composition which also determines the grouping of crystalline phases which consecutively govern the general physical and chemical characteristics, e.g. hardness, density, acid resistance, etc. As mentioned earlier, nucleating agents are used in order for internal nucleation to occur so that the glass-ceramic produced has desirable properties. Microstructure is the key to most mechanical and optical properties; it can promote or diminish the role of the key crystals in the glass-ceramic. The desirable properties obtained from glass-ceramics are crucial in order for them to have applications in the field of biomaterials. Glass-ceramics are used as biomaterials in two different fields: First, they are used as highly durable materials in restorative dentistry and second, they are applied as bioactive materials for the replacement of hard tissue. Dental restorative materials are materials which restore the natural tooth structure (both in shape and function), exhibit durability in the oral environment, exhibit high strength and are wear resistance. In order for dental restorative materials to restore the natural tooth structure, it is crucial to maintain the vitality of the tooth. . However non-vital teeth may also be treated with restorative materials to reconstruct or preserve the aesthetic and functional properties of the tooth. In order for glass-ceramics to be used for dental applications, they must possess high chemical durability, mechanical strength and toughness and should exhibit properties which mimic the natural tooth microstructure in order for it to be successful as an aesthetic. Glass-ceramics allow all these properties to be united within one material. As mentioned previously, for a glass-ceramic to have the desired properties, the glass is converted into a glass-ceramic via controlled crystallisation to achieve the crystal phase wanted and hence the desired properties it could possibly have. Hence, the glass-ceramic developed allows it to have properties such as low porosity, increased strength, durability, toughness etc which are crucial in the field of dental restorations as it prevents restorative failures which are mainly due to stress and porosity which causes cracks and hence failures. It took many years of research in order to get a material strong enough to be initially used as a dental reconstructive material. However over the past 10-15 years, research has progressed vastly and now glass-ceramics demonstrate good strength, high durability and good aesthetics. The development and processing of glass-ceramics has been focused on particular clinical applications, such as dental inlays, crowns, veneers, bridges and dental posts with abutments. Glass-ceramics are divided into seven types of materials: Mica glass-ceramics Mica apatite glass-ceramics Leucite glass-ceramics Leucite apatite glass-ceramics Lithium Disilicate glass-ceramics Apatite containing glass-ceramics ZrO2-containing glass-ceramics The first commercially usable glass ceramic products for restorative dentistry were composites of mica glass ceramics. Dicor ® and Dicor ® MGC were products based on these. According to the mechanism of controlled volume crystallisation of glasses, tetrasilicic micas, Mg2.5Si4O10F2, showing crystal sizes of 1 to 2 ÃŽ ¼m in the glass ceramic were produced. Dicor ® being amongst them was shaped by means of centrifugal casting methods to produce dental restorations such as dental crowns and inlays. Depending on the different crystal sizes and the corresponding microstructure of the glass ceramic, it was also possible to manufacture glass ceramics for machining applications. [53], Dicor ® MGC being amongst them. This resulted in the characteristic of good machinability in this type of glass-ceramic to be exploited and results concluded that crystals upto only 2 ÃŽ ¼m in length in the material improved mechanical strength over other materials. Mica-apatite glass-ceramics have been produced in the SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-K2O-MgO-CaO-P2O5-F system. The main crystal phases are phlogopite, (K,Na)Mg3(AlSi3O10)F2  and fluorapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F. The base glass consists of three glass phases: a large droplet-shaped phosphate-rich phase, a small droplet-shaped silicate and a silicate glass matrix. Mica is formed during heat treatment, as in apatite-free glass-ceramics, by in-situ crystallization via the mechanism of volume crystallization. Apatite is formed within the phosphate-rich droplet phase. Astonishingly, every single apatite crystal possesses its own nucleation site in the form of a single phosphate drop. The glass-ceramic is biocompatible and suitable for applications in head and neck surgery as well as in the field of orthopaedics. Leucite glass-ceramics can be formed by applying the advantage of the viscous flow mechanism. IPS Empress ® is of this type of glass-ceramic. The material is processed by using the lost wax technique, whereby a wax pattern of the dental restoration such as an inlay, onlay, veneer or crown is produced and then put in a refractory die material. Then the wax is burnt out to create space to be filled by the glass-ceramic. As the glass-ceramic has a certain volume of glass phase, the principle of viscous flow can be applied and hence the material can be pressed into a mould. Surface crystallisation and surface nucleation mechanisms were controlled in order for this type of glass-ceramic to be formed. [42, 54] Consequently, the manufacturing of inlays and crowns developed due to the application of viscous flow mechanism of glass-ceramics in different shapes. The resulting leucite glass-ceramic restorations transluceny, colour and wear resistance behaviour can then be adjusted to those of natural tooth.[55] Additionally, the leucite glass-ceramic restorations can be produced by machining with CAD/CAM. IPS ProCAD ® and IPS Empress ® CAD are glass ceramics produced via this method. All leucite glass-ceramic restorations are bonded to the tooth structure with a luting material, preferably an adhesive bonding system. The retentive pattern produced on the glass-ceramic surface is particularly advantageous in this respect. It was possible to develop a leucite apatite glass-ceramic derived from the SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-K2O-CaO-P2O5-F system by combining two different mechanisms, i.e. controlled surface nucleation and controlled bulk nucleation. IPS d.SIGN ® is amongst these. The glass-ceramic was prepared according to the classic method of glass-ceramic formation: melting, casting to prepare a glass frit, controlled nucleation and crystallization. A two-fold reaction mechanism leads to the precipitation of fluoroapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F and leucite, KAlSi2O6 [42]. SEM pictures show the two-phase crystal content of apatite and leucite in this type of glass-ceramic. Fluoroapatite phase takes the form of needle-shaped crystals whereas the oval areas are the leucite crystals. The clinical application of this glass-ceramic has been proven to be suitable for clinical application as veneering material on metal frameworks for single units as well as for large dental bridges involving more than three units. The first glass-ceramic to be developed was by Stookey et al (1959) which contained Lithium disilicate. [37]. Further research into this field allowed for IPS Empress ®2 to be developed. This glass-ceramic was developed in order to extend the range of indications of glass-ceramics from inlay and crowns to three-unit bridges, by offering high strength, high fracture toughness and at the same time, a high degree of translucency. Both the flexural strength and fracture toughness of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics are almost three times of those of leucite glass-ceramics. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic ingot are utilizied to produce the crown or bridge framework in combination with the viscous flow process. To further improve the aesthetic properties, i.e. translucency and shade match, and to optimally adjust the wear behaviour to that of the natural tooth, the lithium disilicate glass ceramic is veneered with an apatite-containing glass-ceramic using a sintering process. In order to meet the demanding requirements of CAD/CAM applications, a lithium metasilicate glassceramic, IPS e.max ®was developed. This material, which is supplied in a typically blue colour, is adjusted by thermal treatment in order to demonstrate a characteristic tooth colour. The range of IPS e.max ®products also encompasses various apatite-containing glass ceramics that are suitable for both layering material on lithium disilicate glass-ceramic and veneering material on ZrO2 sintered ceramic. The apatite crystal phase of the Ca5(PO4)3F type acts as a component that adjusts the optical properties of the restoration to natural tooth. For this reason, the crystallites are of nanoscale dimension. ZrO2 containing glass-ceramics was the first glass-ceramic developed to be fused to high strength ZrO2 ceramic dental posts. The glass-ceramic contains Li12ZrSi6O15 crystals as the main phase; however different types of crystals are also precipitated in the glassy matrix. ZrO2 has become very interesting not only in the field of medicine but also in dental applications. High-strength and high toughness dental posts, crowns and bridges can be prepared from this material. In order for a dental restorative material to be of clinical success, their most important properties include; high strength, high toughness, abrasion behaviour comparable to natural teeth, translucency, colour, durability) and the processing technologies (moulding, machining, sintering). [56] Furthermore, the material should have good marginal fit with the tooth, biocompatibility, good mechanical properties and low porosity. In addition to the aforementioned properties, the recent requirement for dental restorative materials is for its appearance to be similar to that of a natural tooth. Glass-ceramics have been researched immensely in order to fulfil high standards of function and aesthetics from an early stage. The trend for metal free dental restorations began from the 1970s whereby metal free feldspathic ceramics were reinforced with additional components. Since then, increasing the strength of these materials progressed rapidly by controlling the nucleation and crystallisation of glasses, as discussed earlier. These developments have now led to the introduction of a trend which is focused on achieving exceptional aesthetic results with glass ceramics as metal free dental restorations. Although glass-ceramics exhibit the desired properties for dental restoration, their main drawback is that they are brittle which the main cause of failure is. This is due to either fabrication defects; which are created during production of the glass-ceramic or secondly, surface cracks; which are due to machining or grinding. Therefore when processing the glass-ceramic, care needs to be taken in addition to choosing the suitable method for production for specific compositions of the glass-ceramic in order to improve their mechanical properties. Apart from the use of glass-ceramics for dental restorations, they can also be applied as bioactive materials for the replacement of hard tissue. Bone is a complex living tissue which has an elegant structure at a range of different hierarchical scales. It is basically a composite comprising collagen, calcium phosphate (being in the form of crystallised hydroxyapatite, HA or amorphous calcium phosphate, ACP) and water. Additionally, other organic materials, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are also present in small quantities. Because bone is susceptible to fracture; there has always been a need, since the earliest time, for the repair of damaged hard tissue. Many years of research has attempted to use biomaterials to replace hard tissue, ranging from using bioinert materials, to bioactive materials such as ‘Bioglass (Hench et al) to ‘Apatite-wollastonite (A-W) glass-ceramics (Kokubo et al) and to calcium phosphate materials. Calcium phosphate based materials have received a great deal of attention in this field due to their similarity with the mineral phase of bone. 1.2 Calcium Phosphate Glasses The application of calcium phosphate material as a bone substitute began by Albee (1920), who reported that a tricalcium phosphate compound used in a bony defect promoted osteogenesis. Many years later, Levitt et al (1969) [65] and Monroe et al (1971) were the first to suggest the use of calcium phosphate ceramics for dental and medical implant materials. Subsequently in 1971, Hench et al developed a calcium phosphate containing glass-ceramic, called Bioglass ® and demonstrated that it chemically bonded with the host bone through a calcium phosphate rich layer. Furthermore the advantageous properties of calcium phosphate ceramics arose when Nery et al (1975) used a calcium phosphate ceramic for implants in surgically produced infrabony defects in dogs. This demonstrated that the calcium phosphate ceramic was nontoxic, biocompatible, and caused no significant haematological changes in the calcium and phosphorus levels. Since then, a great deal of research into calcium phosphate glas s-ceramics has been conducted as potentially bone substitutes in dentistry. Calcium phosphate based ceramics can be characterised accordingly; Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca5(PO4)3OH) ÃŽ ²-tricalcium phosphate (ÃŽ ²-TCP, ÃŽ ²-Ca3(PO4)2) Biphasic calcium phosphates, BCP; mixture of HA and ÃŽ ²-TCP ÃŽ ²-calcium pyrophosphate (ÃŽ ²-CPP, ÃŽ ²-Ca2P2O7) Fluorapatite (FAP, Ca5(PO4)3F) Calcium phosphate based ceramics and their properties have been characterised according to the proportion of calcium to phosphorus ions in the structure. One of the most widely used synthetic calcium phosphate ceramics is hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3OH, HA and this is due to its chemical similarities to the inorganic component of hard tissues. HA, has a Ca:P molar ratio of 1.67. It has higher stability in aqueous media than other calcium phosphate ceramics. Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a biodegradable bioceramic with the chemical formula, Ca3(PO4)2. TCP dissolves in physiological media and can be replaced by bone during implantation. TCP has four polymorphs, the most common ones being ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ²-forms, of which ÃŽ ²-TCP has received a lot of attention in the field of bone substitutes. Slight imbalances in the ratio of Ca:P can lead to the appearance of extraneous phases. If the Ca:P ratio is lower than 1.67, then alpha- or beta tricalcium phosphate may be present after processing. If the Ca:P is higher than 1.67, calcium oxide (CaO) may be present along with the HA phase. These extraneous phases may adversely affect the biological response to the implant in-vivo. A TCP with a Ca:P ratio of 1.5 is more rapidly resorbed than HA. Hence, ÃŽ ²-TCP has been involved in recent developments aimed to improving its biological efficiency and its mechanical properties in order for it to be successful as bone substitutes. Mixtures of HA and TCP, known as biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), have also been investigated as bone substitutes and the higher the TCP content in BCP, the higher the dissolution rate. The crystal structure of HA can accommodate substitutions by various other ions for the Ca2+, PO43− and OH− groups. The ionic substitutions can affect the lattice parameters, crystal morphology, crystallinity, solubility and thermal stability of HA. Anionic substitutions can either occur in the phosphate- or hydroxyl positions. Fluorapatite and chlorapatite are common examples of anionically substituted HA. They display a similar structure to HA, but the F− and Cl− ions substitute for OH−. A lot of research has gone into carbonate substituted HA and it has shown to have increased bioactivity compared to pure HA, which is attributed to the greater solubility of the carbonated substituted HA. Thus, recent work has been in progress in order to optimise the production and sintering behaviour of carbonated substituted HA in order for use in biomedical applications. Materials which are bioactive i.e. the ability to bond to living tissue and enhance bone formation, have the following characteristic compositional features: (i) SiO2 contents smaller than 60 mol%, (ii) high Na2O and CaO content, and (iii) high CaO:P2O5 ratio [80]. Although silica based bioactive materials have shown great clinical success in many dental and orthopaedic applications, its insoluble properties has resulted in it as a potential for a long term device and the long term reaction to silica, both locally and systematically is still unknown. [81] Therefore, silica free, calcium phosphate glasses have attracted much interest due to their chemical and physical properties. They offer a more controlled rate of dissolution compared to silica containing glasses, they are simple, easy to produce, biodegradable, biocompatible, bioresorbable due to their ability to completely dissolve in an aqueous environment and have excellent bioactivity, osteoconductivity as well as not causing a n inflammatory response. Due to their properties, especially due to it being bioresorbable, calcium phosphate glasses have been under investigation for several applications in the dental field, particular as implants. However only certain calcium phosphate compounds are suitable for implantation in the body, compounds with a Ca:P ratio less than 1 are not suitable for biological implantation due to their high solubility. The structural unit of phosphate glasses is a PO4 ­ tetrahedron. The basic phosphate tetrahedra form long chains and rings that create the three-dimensional vitreous network. All oxygens in the glass structure are bridging oxygens (BO), and the non-bridging oxygens (NBO) can be formed by including other species such as CaO and Na2O or MgO. Do to the effects of Ca2+, Na2+ ­ and Mg2+ in the glass structure; they are defined as glass network modifiers, which form the glassy state and are called ‘invert glasses. Hence the structure of phosphate glasses can be described using the Qn terminology, where n represents the number of bridging oxygens that a PO4 tetrahedron has in a P2O5 glass, every tetrahedron can bond at three corners producing layers of oxygen polyhedra which are connected together with Van der Waals bonds. When the PO4 tetrahedron bonds with three bridging oxygens, giving the Q3 species, it is referred to as an ultraphosphate glass, which usually consists of a 2D network. When it bonds to two bridging oxygens, usually in a 3D-network it gives the Q2 species, it is referred to as metaphosphate glass. Further addition gives Q1 species, also called pyrophosphate glass, which bonds only to one bridging oxygen. Finally, the Q0 species do not bond to any bridging oxygen and hence is known as an orthophosphate glass. [14] A large number of calcium phosphate glass compositions have been studied in order to exhibit suitable properties for use in biomedical applications until now, and they can be categorised into four groups: Calcium phosphate glasses containing Potassium Calcium phosphate glasses containing Magnesium Calcium phosphate glasses containing Sodium and Titania Calcium phosphate glasses containing Fluorine and Titania 1) Calcium phosphate glasses containing Potassium: Dias et al (2003) [12] conducted a study and prepared bioresorbable calcium phosphate glass-ceramics between the metaphosphate and pyrophosphate region based on the composition 45CaO-45P2O5-5K ­2 ­O-5MgO (Ca:P = 0.5). XRD results showed that addition of nucleating agents, K2O and MgO forms bioactive: ÃŽ ²-CPP and biodegradable phases: KCa(PO3)3, Ca4P6O19 as well as ÃŽ ²-Ca(PO3)2 which is considered to be non-toxic.[21] DTA results showed two crystallisation peaks, Tp at 627 °C and 739 °C and two melting temperatures, Tm at 773 °C and 896 °C which was thought to be due to the partial melting of the crystalline phases or residual glass matrix. The glass transition temperature, Tg was observed at 534 °C. FTIR results showed functional groups corresponding to metaphosphate and pyrophosphate, (PO3)- and (P2O7)4-. These results are in accordance with functional groups of the crystalline phases identified by XRD: ÃŽ ²-CPP, KCa(PO3)3, Ca4P6O19 and ÃŽ ²-Ca(PO3)2. Results from de gradation studies of these glass-ceramics confirmed that by controlling the overall composition of the O:P in the glass, glass ceramics with high degree of degradability can be obtained. The level of chemical degradation observed for these materials is well-above that reported in literature for bioactive ceramics that are clinically used, namely HA and TCP. It was therefore concluded that the incorporation of K2O in glass ceramics increases the solubility and also these calcium phosphate glass ceramics makes them potentially clinically helpful for promoting the regeneration of soft as well as hard connective tissue by allowing the degradability to be controlled. A study by Knowles et al (2001) [92] investigated the solubility and the effect of K2O in the glass-system based on the general composition: K ­2 ­O-Na2O-CaO-P2O5. The exchange of a mono or divalent ion with another of a similar charge was therefore investigated. The P2O5 and CaO content were fixed, at 45 mol% and the CaO content at 20, 24 or 28 mol% and the ratio of K2O to Na2O was varied from 0 to 25mol %. Results showed, firstly an increase in CaO content caused the solubility to decrease, as expected and confirmed from previous studies. [81,94] Secondly, for all CaO contents there was an increase in solubility, when K2O content was increased. [92] In a recent study by Marikani et al (2008), based on the same general composition, they demonstrated that the addition of K2O caused a decrease in both density (from 2.635 g cm-3 to 2.715 g cm -3 and microhardness measurements (from 257 to 335 HV) and hence weakens the structure. These findings are attributed to the replacement of l ighter cation (Na2O) by a heavier one (K2O). The ionic radius of potassium is larger than the ionic radius of sodium so, the addition of K2O has a larger disrupting effect on the structure and hence weakens the glass-network. The decrease of melting point with the addition of K2O content indicates that K2O increases network disruption by producing non-bridging oxygens. And the low value of Tg indicates that the glass samples are thermally unstable. Additionally, the elastic modulus, decreases when the concentration of K2O is increased, which implies the weakening of the overall bonding strength, as more cross linking is degraded. The increase of the internal friction and the decrease of the thermal expansion coefficient with the addition of the K2O content are due to the formation of non-bridging oxygen ions. The SEM micrographs of the glass samples recorded before immersion in SBF indicates the amorphous nature of the materials and when glasses were immersed in SBF solutions for 10 days, the glass-samples showed bioactivity. Although the addition of K2O to the ternary Na2O-CaO-P2O5 based system offers greater flexibility in terms of tailoring the solubility to suit potential biomedical applications, only little research has been conducted in using K2O in calcium phosphate glasses, probably because it has shown to increase network disruption which was confirmed by decrease in Tm, addition of K2O causes a decrease in density and microhardness measurements, it weakens overall bonding strength confirmed by a decrease in the elastic modulus, causing it to be less rigid as well as producing thermally unstable glasses which was confirmed by the low values of Tg. These mechanical properties are not desirable in the long run and due to it being less rigid, it would not withstand stress in biomedical applications and consequently result in failure. 2) Calcium phosphate glasses containing Magnesium: Research into calcium phosphate glasses which produce biocompatible and bioactive phases has generated a lot of interest. An attempt to induce ÃŽ ²-TCP was undertaken by Zhang et al (2000) on calcium phosphate glass-ceramics in the pyrophosphate region based on the composition 50CaO-40P2O5-7TiO2-1.5MgO-1.5Na2O (Ca:P molar ratio = 0.625). XRD results showed that the ÃŽ ²-TCP phase was not detected and the main crystalline phase precipitated was ÃŽ ²-CPP with smaller amounts of soluble Calcium titanophosphate, CaTi4(PO4)6 CTP, and Sodium titanophosphate, NaTi2(PO4)3. Kasuga et al (1998) reported a similar occurrence in the structure of glass-ceramics which contained TiO2 (wt 3 %). . SEM observations demonstrated light areas which were confirmed by EDS analysis to be ÃŽ ²-CPP, grey areas was thought to correspond to Na- containing phases and dark areas were composed of lower CaO contents compared to the other two areas and contained MgO and Na2O. These results were identical to Kasuga et als study (1999). The undetectable ÃŽ ²-TCP phase was possibly due to the low content of MgO and TiO2 added and the low Ca:P ratio of the glass. Although bioactive and biosoluble phases were precipitated in the glass-ceramic, no continuous apatite layer was formed even after 8 weeks of immersion in SBF solution. A study by Brauer et al (2007) observed the solubility of several phosphate glasses in the system P2O5-CaO-MgO-Na2O-TiO2. The glass compositions ranged from ultraphosphate glasses (with phosphate contents over 50 mol %) to polyphosphate glasses (containing 50 mol% P2O5 or less which are formed by phosphate chains or rings possessing different chain lengths) to invert glasses (pyrophosphate glasses- P2O5 concentrations of around 34 mol %.). Results showed that the phosphate glasses showed a uniform dissolution. No selective alkali leaching, which is known from silica based glasses, was observed. Also that the solubility of the glasses strongly depend on the glass-composition. The higher the phosphate content resulted in an increase in solubility; According to Vogel et al [104], this is due to the polymerisation of the phosphate chains and the Q1 end units being more susceptible to hydration and subsequent hydrolysis than Q2 middle groups. Also it was observed that the higher the conce ntration of Na2O resulted in an increase in solubility too due to the effect Na+ has on the glass structure. Addition of titanium oxide resulted in a decrease in both the solubility and the tendency of the glasses to crystallise by forming cross links between phosphate groups and titanium ions. Invert glasses showed a considerably smaller solubility than polyphosphate glasses and offer an alternative to polyphosphate glasses, since they are more stable to moisture attack. However, decreasing the P2O5 content makes glasses not only more stable to hydrolysis but also restricts the glass forming area. Hence, glasses in the pyrophosphate region show a larger tendency to crystallize than polyphosphate glasses [96]. However invert glasses in the system P2O5-CaO-MgO-Na2O showed that properties such as solubility and crystallization tendency can be controlled by adding small amounts of metal oxides [95]. Results of solubility experiments showed that the glass system investigated enabled adj ustment of solubility with only minor chemical changes. This ability to control the solubility is very promising for medical application where the coordination of implant degradation and bone formation are a key issue. A study by Dias et al (2005) studied the crystallisation of the glass-system: 37P2O5-45CaO-5MgO-13TiO2 (Ca:P=0.6)in the pyrophosphate and orthophosphate region, by using TiO2 as a nucleating agent and MgO as a network modifier. Results showed that they contained four different crystalline phases; two of them, ÃŽ ²-CPP and CTP are reported to be biocompatible and bioactive, respectively [88,97,98]. T

Beowulf Vs. Grendel :: essays research papers

Grendal, a descendant of Cain, is one of the main antagonist of the poem Beowulf. He lives under an inherited curse and is denied God’s presence. Throughout the story Grendal causes enormous grief and fear to the people of Herot. After so much pain and agony the king of Herot, Hrothgar, sends for the protagonist of the poem, Beowulf. He is a Geat and the epic hero of the poem. The wide variety of distinctions between Grendal and Beowulf is what develops the climax of the composition. Beowulf kills Grendal, so he is honored by the people of Herot for his heroic act. Since Grendal and Beowulf play opposite roles in the poem, Beowulf, they let the reader know how contrasting characters can develop the plot of the story. Grendal is known as a monster and portrays one of the many villains in the poem. He is referred to as the "guardian of his sins". Grendal depicts a heathen the physical image of man estranged from God. Basically, Grendal reflects a physical monster, an ogre who is hostile to humanity. Grendal’s constant visits to Hrothgar’s mead hall for bloody feasts made him feel powerful over God’s humanity. Unfortunately, the night Beowulf lies in wait for him, he assumes that his bloody feasts will continue and Grendal gives no attention to his method of attack. Grendal is then killed. Beowulf, the heroic figure in the poem, is known throughout the land as a courageous man who performs great deeds of valor. He is a Geat, who later becomes the king of the Geats. Beowulf’s strength seems to be a gift from God. As a noble and kind man, Beowulf comes to Herot to save them from God’s foe. Before Beowulf initiates battle with Grendal he exhibits a sense of fairness in not using a weapon against the monster. This demonstrates a great difference between the two characters. Had Beowulf’s attack not been unexpected, Grendal surely would have used a weapon. Beowulf’s defeat against Grendal sets one of the first stepping stones to his long legacy of heroic deeds. Both of these characters remain static throughout the poem. Beowulf portrays the heroic figure who saves everyone, while Grendal always remains evil with bad intentions. Grendal attacks mead hall because of jealousy. Grendal envies the fellowship and happiness he observes. He dislikes living in the outer world, excluded from the company of men; thus he stalks the moors, jealous of the pleasures of mankind.

Decentralization and Development Essay

Most developing country’s governments and multilateral institutions are increasingly concerned by the slow progress being made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and have identified new ways of strengthening the development focus of their policies and programmes. For this reason, decentralisation is receiving increasing international attention as a potential tool in the acceleration of development. Though decentralisation would not be implemented solely for the direct purpose of economic development, the ensuing changes in the institutional architecture are very likely to impact on governance, participation and the efficiency of public-service delivery, all of which are important variables for development outcomes. Decentralisation is understood as the transfer of power, responsibility, authority, functions and appropriate resources from the central to the local level. This study attempts to analyse the performance of the decentralisation policy in Zambia since a new decentralisation policy was introduced in Zambia in November 2002 following two previous failed attempts in 1968 and 1980. An effort will be made to analyse the policy design, its implementation, monitoring and evaluation concerns and how these relate to development. Specific emphasis in the study will be placed on whether power can actually been devolved by the Central Government to the Local Governments and to what extent this can have a positive impact on the delivery and management of services at district level thereby leading to development. The study intends to evaluate how the decentralisation policy is operationalised by analysing political, administrative and fiscal decentralisation and how these interface with development in Zambia. The designers of the decentralisation policy in Zambia hoped that when implemented properly, it would reduce the workload at the centre, create political and administrative accountability, promote responsiveness, and in the long run develop organizational structures tailored to local circumstances in which the payment of taxes could be linked to the provision of services. In this way, it was intended that decentralisation would contribute to democratisation, more effective development, and good governance. The problem, however, is that despite these well intentioned goals, the theory is contrary to the practice since decentralisation in Zambia is characterised by several contradictions in the way of challenges related to human resource management, procurement, financial management, and the commercialisation of the elections process which involves the use of money to bribe voters and thereby greatly undermines the ideals of individual merit. As a result, democracy in Zambia has not necessarily produced the best leaders. These contradictions have negative implications for development and this study seeks to investigate why decentralisation has not necessarily led to development in the Zambia context. Generally, the study intends to explore the impact of the decentralisation policy on the development process of the Zambian economy, in terms of effectiveness in the delivery of services. The study hopes to highlight inadequacies, which could be addressed to improve performance and lead to development. More specifically, the study aims at: * Examining the legal and institutional framework of decentralisation in Zambia. * Analysing the determinants of pro-poor decentralisation process. * Examining the role of elected leaders in development under decentralised governance. * Analysing fiscal decentralisation in relation to service delivery (development). These objectives have been critically identified to cover the four pillars of decentralisation namely, the legal framework, as well as fiscal, administrative and political decentralisation. Decentralisation as a process of transferring authority and functions from the centre to the periphery governments is intended to result in good governance. The quest for good governance in both developed and developing countries has taken centre stage. Governments design policies, which are intended to improve people’s welfare and subsequently lead to development. The decentralisation policy in Uganda is one of such policies, which intends to encourage popular participation, accountability, and therefore enhance good governance and development. It is assumed that once organisations are decentralised formally and legally, the intended results are attained. However, there have been few tests to critically compare the assumptions and the subsequent results associated with decentralisation. This study intends to fill the gap by relating the theory of decentralisation to the practice in Zambia. A new decentralisation policy was introduced in Zambia the policy covers the crucial aspects of decentralisation such as setting up of sub-district structures and clearly defined roles for the local authorities, the province and central government. Additionally it clearly states that the government is aspiring for devolution although the process will start with deconcentration of services while capacity is being developed in the local authorities. The policy also clearly states that the objective of the policy is primarily governance, i.e. giving citizens more voice in decision-making and general improvement in democratic governance where citizens will elect the mayor as opposed to the current system where this is done by councillors, and councils will have more powers and resources. This is in keeping with the fact that the government wants to introduce devolution. A decentralisation secretariat was established to spearhead the implementation and coordination of the policy. The local government administration in Zambia is large and highly complex. This complexity together with the significant differences in management between provincial and district approaches, the researchers’ geographical location and resources determined the choice of research design and method most appropriate for the study. Thus the study will be fundamentally based on an analysis of secondary data as it relates to the theoretical and practical implications of decentralisation in Zambia. Hence secondary data will be collected and analysed by means of a literature study which makes use of various sources related to the Zambian setting, including books, journal articles, and legislation.