Effects Of Advertisements On Children s Advertising

Pollay (1986) had suggested that advertisements are very persuasive and use stereotypical portrayals when using sexual content and therefore, those adverts have a way of manipulating the consumer by using sex appeals. Those advertisements use fantasies and illusions to draw the buyer in rather than the reality to manipulate the buyer into wanting things that they in reality may not need in the first place. (Klempner, 2004, Zailckas, 2006). Younger people are harder to connect with so adverts need such content to draw the younger viewers in (Strasburge and Donnerstein, 1999). McInnis et al (1991) stated that the adverts must draw attention of the consumer so the advertisers use cues that the consumer will be sensitive; as a result, this†¦show more content†¦Alexander and Judd, (1979) found that nudity does gather more attention of the consumer, yet it does not make individuals remember the advertisement better than any other advertisement type, nor do they recall any positive or negative feelings toward the product. However, the advertisers must know who their target audience is to make sure that the appeal is there and not to arouse any negative feeling toward the product (Alexnder and Jude, 1986). Patterson and Kerin, (1977), found that advertisements which contain nudity had been perceived in a less favourable light and to be more offensive. What need to be taken into consideration with this research is that it is very outdated. That might have been the case during the 70’s when nudity did not play such a big role in the society. More current research states that when companies use nudity in their adverts, it will improve the recognition of the product (Jones, Stanaland and Gelb, 1998). LaTour (1986) stated that as levels of nudity in the adverts increase, the appeal is weakened greatly or looked upon negatively. Steadman (1969) had found that when brands recall what was concerned, it was better when there was no nudity as opposed to when nudity was used. Alexander and Judd (1978) found when males were about to recall what they have seen on an advert, they recalled more on an advert where no nudity was involved. Peterson and Kerin (1977) had conducted an experiment when

The Paradox Of Participation Political And Economic...

The â€Å"Paradox of Participation† in Marketing Democracy In her book Marketing Democracy: Power and Social Movements in Post-Dictatorship Chile Julia Paley thoughtfully criticizes contemporary Chilean democracy. The author interprets Chile as the political and economic model for developing countries. She depicts the Chileans’ struggle for mobilization and critique of the democracy that has evolved as a result of the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. The book is written in accessible and descriptive prose, which allows Paley to raise a couple of questions concerning the governance in the country and the era allegedly adherent to â€Å"participation†, â€Å"growth with equity†, and â€Å"democracy†. Chile’s economic and political history of the last 30 years undergoes regional typologies. Its iconoclasm indicates national processes of governance that utter disturbing questions about the character of current neoliberal reforms, as wel l as about the Chilian nature of democracy. The reforms, successfully tested under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, have followed democratic transitions in the former Soviet bloc, the collapse of Marxism, civil wars in Central America and a range of other events. The relationship between political action and political knowledge – the way it is produced, co-opted and constrained, and the way it can be used as a weapon against a democratic regime - is being closely examined by Julia Paley in her work. She illustrates how the objective and abstractShow MoreRelatedDemocracy in Latin America Essay2761 Words   |  12 PagesNow days democracy has been establish in every Latin America country except Cuba, which is still a socialist state. It seemed that every other alternative form of government such as Marxism or Leninism has failed and been replaced by democracy. Furthermore it looks like people in Latin American really enjoy democracy and its’ benefits, as they also consider it to be the best form of government. 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To what extent and in what ways are people fixed and...

Charles Darwin was not only a pioneer in evolutionary psychology, also today’s theories of modern lifespan development draw on and are influenced by Darwin’s ideas. His functionalist perspective primarily focused on the reason for development of specific human characteristics over many generations, and therefore an enormously long timescale. However, inspired by the observations in the development his own son, Darwin also acknowledged that â€Å"an individual is the result of a gradual sequence of prior changes, both in a broad evolutionary sense and within individual’s own lifetime and further development and changes lies ahead† (Cooper and Roth, p.50, 2003). This notion provided the basis for other researchers to further explore the†¦show more content†¦He himself called his area of interest â€Å"genetic epistemology† (Cooper and Roth, p.5, 2003). It aimed to identifiy how human delevop cognitive capacities. Piaget recognized that errors that children made in intelligence tests apparently occurred systematically and used these errors to identfy the mental processes in achieving cognitive abilities. He identified four stages in which children intellectually adapt to their environment but, characteristically for the organismic approach, also believed that intellectual maturity is achieved as an end-product. He considered that with achievement of adulthood our cognitive abilities are fixed. Today almost every adult is, voluntarily or forcefully, faced with new intellectual challenges throughout his/her life. Whether it is learning a new language or taking on a new job, enrolling at a long-distance university or taking up courses in a particular area of interest or hobby, our adult intellect is still frequently required to adapt to changes and progress. While Piaget failed to acknowledge learning processes of adults, he also did not account for external influences such as access to educational support, cultural and social surroundings as well as internal influences e.g. confidence, motivation that can very much influence the level of attainment. He has been criticised for his very simplistic approach of human intelligence and has neglected toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Our Language Changes Through Time and Events1528 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This work is part of my academic practice. The purpose of this study is to observe that variation of the language depends not only on the social and geographic origin but as well as it changes in according to the action which is going on by someone. For example addressing to students, writing lectures, delivering religious speech. 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Organization Behaviour Perceived Organization

Question: You are required to write an executive summary of the article. Your summary must summarise the main points of the article, and how you see its relevance for organisational behaviour. 1) Discuss the purpose or intent of the journal article; 2) Identify and briefly describe the research methods used by the authors 3) Identify the key themes/ arguments of the article; and 4) Discuss the practical implications of the journal article. Answer: Executive Summary Purpose of the journal article The article written by Joyce et al. (2007) focused on role of organizational leaders in controlling employees workplace emotions. The purpose of the research is to find out effects of supervisors and managers on the emotion of the employees in a natural work phenomenon. They tried to examine direct effect of leadership behaviour of organizational leaders on employees experienced emotion, expressed emotions and emotional regulations. They developed their study from the gap of the previous literatures. They found from previous studies that regulating emotion of employees has direct connection with cardiovascular system activation, stress and physical symptoms etc. Hence, the authors conducted the study for further development of previous studies in an extensive way. Research methods used by authors The researchers selected sampling methodology for the survey. They followed within-person analysis to focus on values of each respondent in the organization. They randomly selected 57 employees of an ambulatory health care organization. Most of the respondents were women and average age was 41 years. The researcher collected both survey data and experience sampling data from the participants. Seven variables were chosen to conduct the survey. The variables are Supervisors leadership behaviours, general job satisfaction, Work status and interactions, momentary job satisfaction, affective experiences, momentary stress and overall stress. The selected emotions were scaled from 1 to 7 to assess the level of emotions. The decision about effect of organizational leadership on employees emotion was taken after data analysis. The collected data were analyzed through statistical method. Key arguments of the essay The key ideas of the article are the relationship between organizational leadership and employees emotion. It has been considered in the research paper that leadership attitude of an organizations leaders and supervisors have impact on employees mood and job performance. Stress, physical hazard depends on emotional experiences in the work place. The researcher has conducted the research assuming positive relation between supervisors leadership effects on employees emotion. From employees perspective the researcher thought that the supervisors evaluate the performance of the employees through direct interaction. This interaction may increase anxiety of the employees about their performance. During direction interaction, employees may hide their emotional expressions, which can create negative effects. Therefore, overall finding of the research is that although most supervisory interactions are positive, net effect of interaction with supervisors are little negative. The net negative e ffect is due to stronger effect of negative interaction on employees mood. In order to link the leadership behaviour of manager and supervisors, the researcher considered self-determination theory and the goal self-concordance model. It has been mentioned in the paper that, when the employees follow self regulation process of their emotions in the work place, they feel a separation from self. However, this effect is not always true as there may be other conditions that may remove the negative effects of emotional regulations. It has been argued that social functioning influence the emotion of the employees. The findings of the research suggest that emotional regulations on stress may be partly physiological because emotional regulation can lead to cardiac arousal. Moreover, it has been found that the effect of emotional regulation on employees job satisfaction is short lived. Practical implications of the journal article The research findings of this paper can be applied in practical scenario. As the theories and propositions considered in the study are related to employees job satisfaction, the article has practical implications. Generally, employees emotions affect the job performance. Every employee has their happiness, excitement and enthusiasm, which are likely to affect job performance positively (Shin et al. 2012). There are emotions such as frustrations, disappointment and worry, which reduces job performance and job satisfaction negatively. Negative emotions can reduce productivity of the employees, which may adversely affect the overall performance of the organization (Meisler and Vigoda-Gadot 2014). The leaders of the organization has important role to motivate the employees to increase job performance by controlling personal emotions. There are some employees, who can control their personal emotions in the work place. However, not every employee can do this. Te leadership has important role in this respect. The managers and supervisors can help the employees to resolve their problems by giving attention to listen problems. If leadership attitude can increase job satisfaction of employees, they can involve themselves more with the organization. Any cultural and social discrimination may affect the employees emotion (Fisk and Friesen 2012). Moreover, if communication between organizational leaders and employees create stress and physical problem of employees, these may reduce job satisfaction. Therefore, the employees, who cannot adjust themselves with organizational environment, may decide to change the organization. Employee turnover negatively affects the performance of the or ganization. Hence, in present days, organizations give values to the employees emotion and job satisfaction level. References Meisler, G. and Vigoda-Gadot, E., 2014. Perceived organizational politics, emotional intelligence and work outcomes: empirical exploration of direct and indirect effects.Personnel Review,43(1), pp.116-135. Shin, J., Taylor, M.S. and Seo, M.G., 2012. Resources for change: The relationships of organizational inducements and psychological resilience to employees' attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change.Academy of Management journal,55(3), pp.727-748. Fisk, G.M. and Friesen, J.P., 2012. Perceptions of leader emotion regulation and LMX as predictors of followers' job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,23(1), pp.1-12.