To what extent and in what ways are people fixed and...

Charles Darwin was not only a pioneer in evolutionary psychology, also today’s theories of modern lifespan development draw on and are influenced by Darwin’s ideas. His functionalist perspective primarily focused on the reason for development of specific human characteristics over many generations, and therefore an enormously long timescale. However, inspired by the observations in the development his own son, Darwin also acknowledged that â€Å"an individual is the result of a gradual sequence of prior changes, both in a broad evolutionary sense and within individual’s own lifetime and further development and changes lies ahead† (Cooper and Roth, p.50, 2003). This notion provided the basis for other researchers to further explore the†¦show more content†¦He himself called his area of interest â€Å"genetic epistemology† (Cooper and Roth, p.5, 2003). It aimed to identifiy how human delevop cognitive capacities. Piaget recognized that errors that children made in intelligence tests apparently occurred systematically and used these errors to identfy the mental processes in achieving cognitive abilities. He identified four stages in which children intellectually adapt to their environment but, characteristically for the organismic approach, also believed that intellectual maturity is achieved as an end-product. He considered that with achievement of adulthood our cognitive abilities are fixed. Today almost every adult is, voluntarily or forcefully, faced with new intellectual challenges throughout his/her life. Whether it is learning a new language or taking on a new job, enrolling at a long-distance university or taking up courses in a particular area of interest or hobby, our adult intellect is still frequently required to adapt to changes and progress. 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Organization Behaviour Perceived Organization

Question: You are required to write an executive summary of the article. Your summary must summarise the main points of the article, and how you see its relevance for organisational behaviour. 1) Discuss the purpose or intent of the journal article; 2) Identify and briefly describe the research methods used by the authors 3) Identify the key themes/ arguments of the article; and 4) Discuss the practical implications of the journal article. Answer: Executive Summary Purpose of the journal article The article written by Joyce et al. (2007) focused on role of organizational leaders in controlling employees workplace emotions. The purpose of the research is to find out effects of supervisors and managers on the emotion of the employees in a natural work phenomenon. They tried to examine direct effect of leadership behaviour of organizational leaders on employees experienced emotion, expressed emotions and emotional regulations. They developed their study from the gap of the previous literatures. They found from previous studies that regulating emotion of employees has direct connection with cardiovascular system activation, stress and physical symptoms etc. Hence, the authors conducted the study for further development of previous studies in an extensive way. Research methods used by authors The researchers selected sampling methodology for the survey. They followed within-person analysis to focus on values of each respondent in the organization. They randomly selected 57 employees of an ambulatory health care organization. Most of the respondents were women and average age was 41 years. The researcher collected both survey data and experience sampling data from the participants. Seven variables were chosen to conduct the survey. The variables are Supervisors leadership behaviours, general job satisfaction, Work status and interactions, momentary job satisfaction, affective experiences, momentary stress and overall stress. The selected emotions were scaled from 1 to 7 to assess the level of emotions. The decision about effect of organizational leadership on employees emotion was taken after data analysis. The collected data were analyzed through statistical method. Key arguments of the essay The key ideas of the article are the relationship between organizational leadership and employees emotion. It has been considered in the research paper that leadership attitude of an organizations leaders and supervisors have impact on employees mood and job performance. Stress, physical hazard depends on emotional experiences in the work place. The researcher has conducted the research assuming positive relation between supervisors leadership effects on employees emotion. From employees perspective the researcher thought that the supervisors evaluate the performance of the employees through direct interaction. This interaction may increase anxiety of the employees about their performance. During direction interaction, employees may hide their emotional expressions, which can create negative effects. Therefore, overall finding of the research is that although most supervisory interactions are positive, net effect of interaction with supervisors are little negative. The net negative e ffect is due to stronger effect of negative interaction on employees mood. In order to link the leadership behaviour of manager and supervisors, the researcher considered self-determination theory and the goal self-concordance model. It has been mentioned in the paper that, when the employees follow self regulation process of their emotions in the work place, they feel a separation from self. However, this effect is not always true as there may be other conditions that may remove the negative effects of emotional regulations. It has been argued that social functioning influence the emotion of the employees. The findings of the research suggest that emotional regulations on stress may be partly physiological because emotional regulation can lead to cardiac arousal. Moreover, it has been found that the effect of emotional regulation on employees job satisfaction is short lived. Practical implications of the journal article The research findings of this paper can be applied in practical scenario. As the theories and propositions considered in the study are related to employees job satisfaction, the article has practical implications. Generally, employees emotions affect the job performance. Every employee has their happiness, excitement and enthusiasm, which are likely to affect job performance positively (Shin et al. 2012). There are emotions such as frustrations, disappointment and worry, which reduces job performance and job satisfaction negatively. Negative emotions can reduce productivity of the employees, which may adversely affect the overall performance of the organization (Meisler and Vigoda-Gadot 2014). The leaders of the organization has important role to motivate the employees to increase job performance by controlling personal emotions. There are some employees, who can control their personal emotions in the work place. However, not every employee can do this. Te leadership has important role in this respect. The managers and supervisors can help the employees to resolve their problems by giving attention to listen problems. If leadership attitude can increase job satisfaction of employees, they can involve themselves more with the organization. Any cultural and social discrimination may affect the employees emotion (Fisk and Friesen 2012). Moreover, if communication between organizational leaders and employees create stress and physical problem of employees, these may reduce job satisfaction. Therefore, the employees, who cannot adjust themselves with organizational environment, may decide to change the organization. Employee turnover negatively affects the performance of the or ganization. Hence, in present days, organizations give values to the employees emotion and job satisfaction level. References Meisler, G. and Vigoda-Gadot, E., 2014. Perceived organizational politics, emotional intelligence and work outcomes: empirical exploration of direct and indirect effects.Personnel Review,43(1), pp.116-135. Shin, J., Taylor, M.S. and Seo, M.G., 2012. Resources for change: The relationships of organizational inducements and psychological resilience to employees' attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change.Academy of Management journal,55(3), pp.727-748. Fisk, G.M. and Friesen, J.P., 2012. Perceptions of leader emotion regulation and LMX as predictors of followers' job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,23(1), pp.1-12.

When I visited my local dental surgery Essay Example

When I visited my local dental surgery Essay When I visited my local dental surgery I noticed that they use a manual filing system and I felt that they could benefit from having computerised version, as it would save both time and effort for the receptionists. The organisation The Dent Care Ltd is a medium size dental surgery based in Burnt Oak. The clinic deals with all aspects of primary dental care that includes regular inspection checks (every 6 months), teeth extraction, fillings, capping and bridging to denture fitting. All work is carried out under local anaesthetic. Where major prolonged work is required they are referred to specialist dental clinic where work can be carried out under sudation. The clinic is owned in partnership by the three dental surgeons and each has a dental nurse and two receptionists all of whom are computer literate and can operate the PC without much difficulty. We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the moment, the clinic has an 80386 Compaq PC and a HP desk Jet Printer that the receptionist use for typing letters, invoices using Microsoft Word. The patients appointments are hand written in a yearly planner that they use. The planner simply has a day and times of 15 mins intervals and 5 columns. The columns are headed with the names of the three Dental surgeons. Data collection To understand the current system, three methods of data collections were considered. 1. Questionnaire to all staff Advantages Disadvantages Quick way of collecting information from large number of people. Difficult to plan questions to collect complex data Useful if people are not available for interviews Cannot probe responses. Useful if people work in different parts of the office. Some find it easier to give honest accurate answers. 2. Interview the staff Advantages Disadvantages If well planned and questions are structured in advance lot of detailed information can be captured. People may not be fully truthful. Allows probing of responses to seek clarification or ask additional questions. People may not feel comfortable being interviewed. Takes up lot of time. 3. Observe the staff doing their job. Advantages Disadvantages See unusual things that users may not be aware of. Takes up lot of time. See the efficiency of the system. People suspicious of being watched. See which user needs access to what information See what people do with the information Understand the whole process easily, as different users carry out different parts of the process. Technique used As this is a small friendly dental surgery, questionnaire technique was rejected, as everyone was happy to be observed and interviewed. Questions planned for the interview are available in appendix A. Notes from the interview are available in Appendix B. Observation notes are available in Appendix C. Customer documents collected are available in Appendix D. Current system Process of making an appointment. When a patient calls to make an appointment, they normally speak to the receptionist. The receptionist asks which consult they are registered with, date ; time they wish to attend and checks in the yearly planner if the requested time slot is available on that day. If the slot is not available then the receptionist suggests alternate times that available either on that day on another day in that week. Once the appoint is agreed, the patient name is written in the book at the agreed time and a patient appointment reminder card is filled out by hand and given to the patient. Process of seeing the dental surgeon. When the patient arrives at the clinic, they see the receptionist and say either their name or time of appointment or say which surgeon they are here to see and at what time. The receptionist looks at the yearly planner and confirms the appointment. She marks the planner with a tick to indicate the patient has arrived and asks the patient to wait. She checks her manual file system and take out the patients records. Seeing the dental surgeon The patient record is passed to the dental surgeon who looks at last appointment notes in the patients records and then the dental nurse calls the patient in. After the treatment The dental nurse shows what treatment was carried out and passes the patient records back to the receptionist. The receptionist looks at the work sheet and any other notes and books a follow-up appointment if required or discharge the patient. The receptionist looks up the chart that shows the process of various treatments that is written on a page and tells the patients how much they need to pay. Processing patient payment The customer has the option of paying by cash, by credit card or delaying payment until the end of their treatment where follow-up appointments are needed. If payments are paid she writes paid next to the treatment detail else leaves it blank if it is to be paid later. The receptionist then hand writes a receipt for the payment received and hands it to the patient. The problem The problems with the way the surgery runs at the moment are: 1. When making an appointment for the patient, the receptionist has to go through a whole column of untidy hand written appointments and to look for time slots. This is keeping the patient on the telephone far longer then is necessary. 2. When the surgery is very busy, time is wasted as one receptionist is kept waiting with a patient until the other receptionist has finished using the yearly planner. 3. Client information is sometimes not written down. 4. Records are sometimes left on the receptionist desks. 5. Time is wasted moving records around from the receptionist to the dental nurse to the dental surgeon and back again. 6. Time is looking for records that have not been filed away. 7. Time is wasted when record sheets are sometimes left out of the patients records file. 8. Sometimes appoints are not recorded on the yearly planner. 9. Sometimes the writing is difficult to read. 10. Having to look up a treatment cost item on a page of paper leads to mistakes. 11. A PC was purchased but is not fully utilised (used for word-processing only). Current computer specification: 80386 33Mhz processor 32 Mb RAM 1.44Mb floppy Disk drive EGA graphs adaptor, EGA monitor 100Mb hard disk drive Mouse, Keyboard Windows 95, Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint HP ink jet printer. Problem with this hardware ; software Supplier does, not support software, the motherboard is too slow to run modern software and upgrading with more hard disk and memory is too costly. User Requirements The people that would use the new system are: the two receptionists, the three Dental Surgeons and sometimes the three Dental Nurse. Both receptionists will have the ability to: 1. Register new patients. Check which surgeon has least number of patients? If all full, refer patient to another clinic. Otherwise take down following data for each member of the family being registered: Medical number, full name, gender, age, address, postcode, contact numbers A menu form needs to have a selection button to add new record. Access will be used for this data. 2. Delete patients record if they fail to attend two of the six monthly check-ups. Need to add two six-monthly check indicators. Letters needs to go out to them requesting them to make appointment if its been six months since last check date. Date of last appointment needs to be recorded. 3. Edit patient record. The menu form needs to have a button to update an existing record. Receptionist need to search for a record based on patients full name and be able to select to view full patient details. She can change data and the record must be resaved before they exit. A save exit button is required on the edit patient details form. 4. View patient records using surname. A query menu form button is needed to allow viewing of records by surname. 5. View patients by surgeon. A query menu form button is needed to allow viewing of patients by surgeon. 6. Record payment state (paid, postpone payment, no charge) The patient record needs to have payment field, and amount outstanding, with three options for data. (paid, deferred, free). If amount is paid, a receipt must be printed. 7. A appointment form is required that allows new appoints to be booked, existing appoints to be confirmed, existing appointment to be deleted. The Appointment data record is needed that records, patients name. The record needs to have, surgeon name, date, time with 15 mins intervals. Beginning at 9.00 and ending with 6.00P.M. These should be set defaulted to available, a patient name is entered in this field if appoint is made and reset to available if appointment is cancelled. Appointment menu form must have two options a phone appointment or surgery follow-up appointment. The surgery follow-up appointment must print the appointment card. (This may be better done in spreadsheet, this will not be implemented) 8. View available appointments must show all available time slots at a glance for that day. It needs to show only what is available by surgeon. (Will not be implemented) 9. Training: require short training on how to use the newly developed system. Project Plan. The overall project is to be carried out in three phases, and only phase 1 will be implemented at this time: Phase1 : A single user system for the two receptionist to share. Phase2: A multi user system allowing both receptionists the use of the system at the same time. Phase3: A multi user records access for the dental surgeons. Proposed solution: A small and effective database system is to be developed that can handle the above user requirements. The user requirements 7 and 8 will not be implemented at this stage due to timescales available. Database software options: Access or Excel What are the similarities between excel and Access? * They both have a form view and a table view * They can input data * They can produce tables * They have Form view * They can both do queries * They can add or delete records * They can both have Validation, which is when the computer checks the information being put in the computer is sensible. i.e. if it has 11 spaces for a telephone or mobile number and you enter twelve it wont let you move on. It also changes mistakes if it thinks they are wrong. What are the differences? * In Access you have to chose a field * In access you have to make the first field the key field which is a unique number so that you can not mistake it for anything else * In Access you have wizards to help you create tables, forms, and reports * Access is a relational database which means you can link together tables * In Access its easier to do Mail Merge and produce reports. * Excel specializes in number processing and modeling where as access special in data management. Proposed hardware A suitable specification I think they need is: * 512mb RAM, 80 Gb Hard Drive * 2.8 GHz processor * 56K modem, Keyboard, Mouse * 128Mb 3D Video graphics adaptor, 17 flat screen monitor * Ink jet printer * CD RW drive, 1.44Mb floppy * 100Mbit Ethernet network card. Reasons for choosing this specification: Computer is fast and can run all modern software. Large amount of RAM to allow multiple tasks to be run. CD RW drive allows reliable backing ups of data. Network card will be required for multi user system. A large flat screen monitor is selected to save space in a small reception room. A small ink jet printer is selected because the demand for printing is quite small. Proposed Software Specifications * MS Office 2000 professional software suite MsWord, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Outlook, * Operating System Windows XP I have chosen Windows XP, as it is the latest of the Windows. It is easy to use, allows multi-access accounts to be setup for different users. Application Suite, as it is cheaper than buying each program separately. It also allows strong data portability between various applications for example, create process models on spreadsheets, Use Access for patients records storage and queries and do Mail Merge with Word for generating payment receipts and printing follow-up appointment card. Access has the additional advantages of being able to validate data, sort data by various options, perform searches, create a standard reports and merge with other packages like a word processor to allow standardized letters. Hardware Options: A lap top and a Desk top similar spec computers were compared to determine the best value. Desktop : Pentathlon Thunderbird ( Supplier: http://www.pentathlondirect.co.uk ) * 266MHz FSB Motherboard with Athlon XP2000 Processor * 64Mbmax Integrated 3D graphics, * 256mb RAM, 40GB, 17 inch monitor * CD Re-Writer , CD-ROM Drive * 56K Modem * 3.5 Floppy Disk Drive * Keyboard , Mouse 3 years parts and labour return to manufacturer. Supplied with original Microsoft XP installation CD and all drivers for Windows 95/98/ME/2000 and XP Price: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 475 including VAT Laptop Supplier: http://www.thelaptopsite.com Reference LAP03-829021 Manufacturer Hewlett Packard Model Evo NX9005 Processor AMD Athlon 2000 Memory 256mb HDD 30gb FDD 1.44 FDD CDROM/DVD DVD/CDRW Operating System Windows XP Professional Display 14.1 tft Condition New Manufacturers Warranty Price: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 799 including VAT I have decided to recommend a desktop tower computer rather then a lap top because: Desktop comes with a larger screen size, it can be placed on the floor under the desk and out of sight; it is much cheaper then a similar spec laptop. The price of the desktop recommended will be approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200. DESIGN All forms will be designed in this style. This will ensure everything looks similar for the user. Item Text details Text Position Colour Background Main Heading Font:20:Italic:Bold Centered Blue Form colour Labels Font: 14: Bold Left aligned Black Form colour Buttons Font:12:Bold Centre Black grey Forms N/A N/A N/A Dark Cyan background Compulsory data Font:12: Left Black Light orange Optional data Font:12 Left Black Light green Diagram showing the major components of the inputs and outputs User FORMS Design: Query1. Purpose: View patients belonging to a specified surgeon. Input: Surgeon name Process: Query database to look all patients against name given. Output: shows gender, forename, surname, contact numbers for all patients found. Query 2. View patient details. Input: Patient forename and surname Process: Query database to look for all patients against forename and surname. Output: Show full record details about the patient Pressing new patient Button brings up this form Database design New patient record Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Record ID Auto Number Primary key Yes No No No Medical No text 20 chars Yes No No No Gender text 1 char Yes No M/F Yes Forename text 20chars Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Surname text 20 char Yes Yes Type Check (cap first letter) Yes House No text 10 char Yes No No Yes Address1 text 50 chars Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address2 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address3 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address 4 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Post code text 9 char Yes No Type Check (ccnn ccnn) yes Day time No text 12 char Yes No Character check Yes Mobile No text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes DOB Date 10 char Yes No Type Check Yes Last appointment Date 10 char Yes No Type Check Yes Expiry date date 10 Char Yes No Type Check Yes Reminder status Text 1 char Yes No Y/N Yes Payment status Text 10 chars Yes No Paid, Defer, Free Yes Amount due Currency Integer No Yes Type Check Yes Surgeons table Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Surgeon ID Auto Number Primary key Yes No N/A No Title Text 4 char Yes No Dr, Mr, Mrs, Miss Yes Forename Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Surname Text 20 Char Yes Yes Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address1 Text 50 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address2 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address3 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address4 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Post Code Text 9 Char Yes No Type Check (ccnn ccnn) Yes Home No Text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes Mob No Text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes Surgery Table Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Patient ID Number Long Integer Yes Yes field key No Surgeon ID Number Long Integer Yes Yes field key No Diagram showing how the tables are linked together by key fields. Appendix A Questions for the interview 1. When patients joins the clinic what information do you record.? 2. When patient makes an appointment what information do you take down? 3. When patient arrives for his treatment, how do you note who is waiting for which surgeon? 4. When a person needs a follow-up appointment what do you record? 5. What additional tasks do you perform for a follow-up appointment? 6. How do you record information about patient payments of treatment? 7. What difficulties do you experience when you become very busy? 8. What happens to patients that you cannot deal with? 9. How do you track patients for different surgeons? 10. How many people are there working at the surgery? 11. How do you know how much to charge for different treatments? 12. Do patients cancel appoints? 13. What happens when they do this? Appendix B Answers given at interview A.1 When a new patients comes to register with us, we know the number of new patients that each surgeon will take. If they can take on new patients, then, we ask them to fill in a form about their medical details otherwise we refer them to another dental surgery. We then check the form and ask them to sign their declaration. We ask for their medical card and record the number as well as their names and address details. We also ask for details about their family members and their details. A.2 We take down their first name and surname and record it in our appointment planner against the surgeons name and time of appointment. The planner allows us to make appointments every 15 mins. A3. Yes, when a patient arrives, they usually say the time of their appointment and their name. We write a tick against their name, which indicates they are wait in reception. A4. We do the same as we did before as if the patient is making a new appointment but we know their name and surgeons name so simply agree on suitable time? A5. When we agree on the appointment time and day, we fill in a appoint card with the date and time details and hand it to the patient. We also ask about them to see if they wish to pay today or pay for everything at the end of the treatment. Most patients prefer to pay as treatment is being carried out. Some do decide they will pay the total amount at the end. We also have patients that dont have to pay if they are on job seeker allowance or social security benefit. A6. We make a note on the treatment card, if they have paid or deferred payment or no charge. If they pay we write out a receipt for them. A7. I find it very frustrating when we have people making queries and we have to wait for the appointment planner to be freed up before we can deal with the patient. We sometimes spend time looking for patient sheets in the filing cabinet which one of us has not filed and may be lying on the desk. Sometimes we dont get the treatment sheet and have to ask the dental nurse to look for it the surgeons treatment room and the customer is kept waiting. A8. The dental surgeon refers the patient to the specialist clinic. This involves writing to the clinic and requesting an appointment. It can three to four weeks for the appointment to come. A9. We file each patient records in different filing cabinet and on the planner we write down the name of the surgeon so that his patients are under his named column. A10. There are the three surgeons, three medical nurse and two of us at reception. A11. We have a list of treatments and prices against them. The surgeon writes down what treatment he has carried out and calculates the total. A12/13. Yes, quite often, all we do is put a diagonal line across it and make a new appointment. If they cancel before 48 hours, we do not charge them, otherwise we charge them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20. Appendix C Notes taken during observation Observing the surgeon: Receptionist takes the notes from the filing cabinet and passes it to the nurse. The surgeon checks his last notes. The nurse calls the patient in. The treatment is carried out and the surgeon writes, the treatment he carried out and indicates if follow-up appointment is needed, he makes a brief notes about what he needs to do next time. The patient leaves the treatment room and the nurse returns the patient file to the receptionist desk. The next patient is the called in. Observing the Dental Nurse: Dental nurses are only involved in fetching and returning the patients records to and from the surgeon and assisting the surgeon. They do not write anything on the patients notes. Observing the Receptionist: Confirmed what the receptionist said she did with customer handling process. All information given during the interview was correct. Also observed the time wasted when the clinic becomes busy and how frustrated they become having to share a single appointment planner. The times they take to write out the receipt and appointment card is quite effective, but it takes a lower priority to ensuring surgeons receives the patients records and are not waiting. This means keeping the customer waiting longer then is necessary. Customer are frequently kept waiting as they try to pay for treatment or make follow-up appointments. New people arriving are given higher priority.

Free Essays on HardDrives

Nearly every desktop computer and server in use today contains one or more hard-disk drives. Every mainframe and supercomputer is normally connected to hundreds of hard-disk drives. Hard disks were invented in the 1950s. They started as large disks up to 20 inches in diameter holding just a few megabytes. Hard drives were originally called "fixed disks" or "Winchesters" (a code name used for a popular IBM product). They later became known as "hard disks" to distinguish them from "floppy disk drives". Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible plastic film found in tapes and floppies. The earliest true hard disks had the heads of the hard disk in contact with the surface of the disk. This was done to allow the low-sensitivity electronics of the day to be able to better read the magnetic fields on the surface of the disk. The very first production hard disk was the IBM 305 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control), in troduced on September 13, 1956. The RAMAC stored 5 million characters (approximately five megabytes, but a â€Å"character† in those days was only seven bits, not eight) on a whopping 50 disks, each 24 inches in diameter. Its arealdensity was about 2,000 bits per square inch; in comparison, today’s drives have arealdensity measured in billions of bits per square inch. The data transfer rate of this first drive was an impressive 88,000 bytes per second. Over the succeeding years, the technology improved incrementally; arealdensity, capacity and performance all increased. In 1962, IBM introduced the model 1301 Advanced Disk File. The key advance of this disk drive was the creation of heads that floated or flew above the surface of the disk on an air bearing reducing the distance from the heads to the surface of the disks from 800 to 250 microinches. In 1973, IBM introduced the model 3340 disk drive which is commonly considered to e the father of the ... Free Essays on HardDrives Free Essays on HardDrives Nearly every desktop computer and server in use today contains one or more hard-disk drives. Every mainframe and supercomputer is normally connected to hundreds of hard-disk drives. Hard disks were invented in the 1950s. They started as large disks up to 20 inches in diameter holding just a few megabytes. Hard drives were originally called "fixed disks" or "Winchesters" (a code name used for a popular IBM product). They later became known as "hard disks" to distinguish them from "floppy disk drives". Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible plastic film found in tapes and floppies. The earliest true hard disks had the heads of the hard disk in contact with the surface of the disk. This was done to allow the low-sensitivity electronics of the day to be able to better read the magnetic fields on the surface of the disk. The very first production hard disk was the IBM 305 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control), in troduced on September 13, 1956. The RAMAC stored 5 million characters (approximately five megabytes, but a â€Å"character† in those days was only seven bits, not eight) on a whopping 50 disks, each 24 inches in diameter. Its arealdensity was about 2,000 bits per square inch; in comparison, today’s drives have arealdensity measured in billions of bits per square inch. The data transfer rate of this first drive was an impressive 88,000 bytes per second. Over the succeeding years, the technology improved incrementally; arealdensity, capacity and performance all increased. In 1962, IBM introduced the model 1301 Advanced Disk File. The key advance of this disk drive was the creation of heads that floated or flew above the surface of the disk on an air bearing reducing the distance from the heads to the surface of the disks from 800 to 250 microinches. In 1973, IBM introduced the model 3340 disk drive which is commonly considered to e the father of the ...

Economics for Business and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Economics for Business and Management - Essay Example Therefore, the invisible hand is that process where while an individual is pursuing self interest, he/she promotes the overall societal welfare but not intentionally. On the contrary, Smith says that he had never in his lifetime known the goodness of the persons who involved in trade to achieve the main goal of the public welfare. In his book â€Å"The Wealth Of Nations† Smith has only one stand, that the invisible hand is the prime determinant of the public welfare. (Suntum, 2005 pp1-5) Command and Mixed Economies A command economy, which is also referred to as a planned economy, is one which has the state regulating resources. The state is the decision maker to come up with the allocation or utilization decisions of the available resources. It uses the services of certified planners who are just below the state in power to implement these decisions. (economicwatch.com, 2011) A command type of economy is not without merits and demerits alike. The merits of a command economy m ay include the main fact that they ensure that collective interests for the public good are maximized. Also governments which do their operations under this type of economy are able to mobilize as well as respond swiftly to raise capital and commence the process of production if need arises. (businessspan.com, 2011) The demerits associated with a command economy are the likes of the denial of sovereignty for individuals as regards the expression, working, earning and making expenditure choices. It as well assumes that people should be fully committed to work and they should aim at overall national welfare. There is the demerit of slowness in ensuring economic growth unlike the capitalist type of economy. Equality does not thrive in a communist economy since there is stratification. Lastly, there is lack of flexibility when it comes to moving from one decision to another for the welfare of the public. On the other hand, a mixed market involves a blending of the two major types of eco nomy. That is, a command and a market type of economy. This is mostly the kind of approach by Italy, India, France and Sweden. Here, there is the government controlling of resources and the private sector. There are sectors in which distribution as well as production is under the state’s management. Sectors which have both the state and the private sector jointly involving in production and distribution and the sectors under which private control is in entirety. (Aswathappa, 2008 pp269,270) A mixed economy may be characterized by several advantages. Some of the advantages of a mixed economy are with the inclusion of the good regulation of prices in the market. Here, the state always ensures that prices do not soar above actual prices. It as well provides a level playground since there are private sectors involved in the market without compromising on the quality of commodities in the market. Natural resources are also optimally utilized due to there being the government and t he private sector being involved in the allocation. People in a mixed economy have ample power when prices and quality of commodities is put into consideration. Monopoly cannot also thrive in a mixed economy as both the private enterprises and the government gets their hands in every business. (benefitsandadvantages.com, 2010) Critics state that a mixed economy is not the best type of

Politics and Love in Contemporary Arabic Literature Essay - 1

Politics and Love in Contemporary Arabic Literature - Essay Example Adonis alludes that newness in Arabic society are identifiable with Arabic character. In the poem, ‘Love’ he depicts the feel of affection for the context he is in, like the road, house, the dead, the neighbors and the toiling hands of the world (Arana 120). The selected diction shows the high stakes in Adonis works, which invites every bit of creativity and intellect. He heightens the reader’s originality to new thoughts and realms that create curiosity. No, wonder his love for renewal and democratic consciousness won him the Goethe prestigious award. The reflection in the poem, ‘Celebrating Childhood’ affirms that the history of Arabic is not that of the sword but also lately made of great men. Lately, comments from Adonis on the political atmosphere in Middle East, especially in Syria that brought nothing good in the society except backwardness, bitterness, torture, and breakdown to the people, is a show of hi grip to the Arab politics (Arana 231). Kahlil Gibran is still a celebrated hero in Arabic literature context. In his Arab world, his incisive writings have earned him the tag of a political rebel (Gibran 65). Gibran works borrow a lot from the romantic styles of writing. The political events and power struggle do not make his daily life but through continual literary awareness of the situation in Lebanon, he asserts that the society is one place and homeland where all men are his fellow compatriots. The literal works of Gibran infuse the love of the society and advocacy for tranquility (Gibran 94). In ‘The Hands of Destiny’, he fascinates with the beauty of nature, and glamour that natures espouse. In this sense, Gibran aesthetic capture the literal world Lebanon ought to experience. He writes of the ideal nature that comes with spring and equates it to the Lebanon society. The reference of the beautiful spirit of Spring lingering in the atmospheres of

Criminal Justice System Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice System Essay When defining crime it different from country or may be even states such as in the United State American, according to the law at hand. In this paper, one will learn the definition of crime as it applies here in the U.S.A in Its relationship to the law, and the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. One will also describe the government structure as it applies to the criminal justice system. Then identify choice theories and their assumptions in regard to crime. Furthermore, describe the components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process. In addition, identify the goals of the criminal justice system. Last but not least, one will address one’s thought on if the criminal justice system is a system. Finally, one will summarize the conclusion in its entirety. According to (CJI Interactive, 2013) crime is defined as conduct in violation of the criminal laws of state, the federal government or local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse here in the U.S.A. This only means where one is located determine whether or not it is a crime. The most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal are consensus and the conflict. In one’s mind this leads to the description of both, consensus model has to do with diverse, people thoughts, most society whom shares the same moral value system. Most people think this system is deemed harmful to the society. On the other hand conflict also is consider diverse in many ways, however, this group engage in a much power struggle with most dominant groups that makes values about the law. The main thing is without laws people could not say that something is a crime. The government structure as it applies to the criminal justice  system consists of three branches of government: Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive in which the whole system work together in preventing crime in the U.S.A. However, there are the criminal justice system for each city or state, three basic department agencies within the every state the police, courts, and the department of correction. Each of the agencies is components that work together design, and structured to be fair, integrity, and professional. The federal government has standard guideline that affects every state. Furthermore, every state has its own guideline of the laws, and some may be different in every State. In the choice theories of people assumptions in regard to crime are consensus and conflict that explain earlier in the paper. The over important theories is Due Process and Crime Control. Due process consist of individualization, quality, formality courts. Crime control would consist of standardization, quality, informality, and police. Although they are both different in our society the completion between them if one fails either way with society fail the people. In other words they both system must work not to fail our society. The components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process consist of five main components are Investigation and arrest, pretrial activities, trail, sentencing, and corrections. These agencies in the criminal justice system work hand-in-hand together as a sequence process of events that le from the arrest to the correction. Together this is the standard process the criminal justice system use in the U.S.A. In all fairness most people thinks that is a fair procedure. The goals of the criminal justice system come in components as well. Most in people are very depending on whom one asks about this, in the people or justice system. According to CJI there are many of goals and different agencies within the system emphasizing the different goals. The role of the criminal justice system is to respond in the name of society, when crimes are committed. The five criminal justice goals are deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, restoration. In addition there is a standard process in any city. Therefore, at the end of the day it is up to whether federal, state, or city decide on what is best for the  criminals. When it is all said and over with the most important reason is to rehabilitate people and make them whole again. In summarizing, when defining crime it different from country or may be even states such as in the United State American, according to the law at hand. One feels as if many people judge the system, however, one think it is there to help and restore us as one. Writing this paper helped one to gain and give knowledge of every day crime madness in the U.S.A as well as what is consider a crime here in our culture. One has learned many things as it refer to the topic in this paper and the major points that are important through research. References Dreden, E. (2013). The Structure of Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.comLegal Schmallager, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today. Upper Saddle River,, NJ: Pearson/ Prentice Hall. CJi Interactive Multi Media, (2011) University of Phoenix website